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Recommended by the IIR

Design and Analysis of Novel CO2 Conditioning Process in Ship-Based CCS.

• Author(s) : GONG W., REMIEZOWICZ E., FOSBØL P. L., SOLMS N. von
• Publication date: 2022/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Carbon capture, Thermodynamic cycle, Liquefaction, CO2, Ship, Open cycle, Energy efficiency, Ammonia, Propane, Modelling, CO2 emission, CCS
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 16
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Cryogenic CO₂ condensation and membrane separation of syngas for large-scale LH2 production.

• Author(s) : BERSTAD D., WILHELMSEN O., SKJERVOLD V., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CCS, Liquid, Production, Performance, Palladium, Membrane, Hydrogen, Expérimentation, Condensation
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A study on the effect of the operating conditions on performance of CO2 hydrate cooling system for district cooling applications.

• Author(s) : CHOI S., KANG Y. T.
• Publication date: 2018/04/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CCS, Carbon capture, Heat transfer, Performance, Hydrate, Expérimentation, CO2
• Source: 5^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Beijing, Chine, 6-8 avril 2018
• Formats : PDF

Advanced cryogenic CO2 capture process based on Stirling coolers by heat integration.

• Author(s) : SONG C., LIU Q., JI N., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/03/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CCS, Gas cooler, Stirling, Process, Cryogenics, Heat exchanger, CO2
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 114

IIR document

The cold compressors in the field of cryogenic systems.

• Author(s) : KROUPA M., PLASIL V., NOVOTNY M.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation of a new combined refrigeration system.

• Author(s) : GOUDARZI K., MOUSAVI M. R.
• Publication date: 2022/02
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 134
• Formats : PDF

Estimates of the Decarbonization Potential of Alternative Fuels for Shipping as a Function of Vessel Type, Cargo, and Voyage.

• Author(s) : LAW L. C., MASTORAKOS E., EVANS S.
• Publication date: 2022/10
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 20
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Consistent control strategy for CO₂ refrigeration systems based on refrigerant charge management.

• Author(s) : HE Y. J., TAI Y. D., ZHAO X. X., ZHANG C. L.
• Publication date: 2023/01
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 145
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigation of non-equilibrium effects during the depressurization of carbon dioxide.

• Author(s) : LOG A. M., MUNKEJORD S. T., HAMMER M., HAFNER A., DENG H., AUSTEGARD A.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF, Autre

Recommended by the IIR

Review of Cryogenic Carbon Capture Innovations and Their Potential Applications.

• Author(s) : FONT-PALMA C., CANN D., UDEMU C.
• Publication date: 2021/09
• Languages : English
• Source: C - Journal of Carbon Research - vol. 7 - n. 3
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Spray ejector condenser for negative‐CO₂‐emission gas power plant: dimensioning and initial test results.

• Author(s) : BANASIAK K., MADEJSKI P., KUŚ T., KARCH M.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Unveiling the potential of cryogenic post-combustion carbon capture: from fundamentals to innovative processes.

• Author(s) : LUBERTI M., BALLINI E., CAPOCELLI M.
• Publication date: 2024/06
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 17 - n. 11
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Development for energy carrier with liquid hydrogen from overseas.

• Author(s) : NISHIMURA M., KAMIYA S., HARADA E.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Feasibility study of “CO2-free hydrogen energy supply chain” utilizing Australian brown coal linked with CCS.

• Author(s) : INOUE K., YOSHINO Y., KAMIYA S., et al.
• Publication date: 2012/09/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Economy, CCS, Liquid nitrogen, Australia, Storage, Process, Cryogenics, Coal, CO2
• Source: Cryogenics 2012. Proceedings of the 12^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, September 11-14, 2012.
• Formats : PDF

Recent Advances in Small-Scale Carbon Capture Systems for Micro-Combined Heat and Power Applications.

• Author(s) : YAÏCI W., ENTCHEV E., LONGO M.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 8
• Formats : PDF

Refrigeration’s contribution to CCS

Led by IFP (France), the European research project Cocate - which brings together 8 other research and industrial partners worldwide for a budget of 4.5 million € - tackles the problems of rolling out a shared transportation infrastructure capable...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

ICR2011 highlights: carbon capture and storage (CCS) perspectives

During ICR2011, a complete session was devoted to carbon capture and storage (CCS). Berstad et al.(1) stressed that according to IEA, out of the targeted global annual CO2 emissions reductions – 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels –, CO2 CCS from...

• Publication date : 2011/11/16
• Subjects: Environment, General information

BOC’s refrigerants team

According to BOC's refrigerants team, one in three plants runs on contaminatedrefrigerant. BOC's team tested over 50 industrial installations and found that 36% of refrigerant blends tested did not meet specifications and required complete...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Cryogenic distillation: a promising technology for carbon capture

Cryogenic distillation is subject to intense R&D works for CO2 capture in CCS facilities. A plant using this technology is under construction in China.

• Publication date : 2019/06/28

New standards for “intelligent” ACs implemented in China

China implements new standard to officially define and set technological requirements for intelligent ACs. Additionally, a Chinese air-conditioning manufacturer is the first company in China to achieve a global...

• Publication date : 2020/06/26
• Subjects: Regulation

Newly revised efficiency standards for ACs in Brazil and India

Stringent minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for air-conditioning (AC) equipment contribute to cutting down the energy demand for ACs globally. Setting up and periodically revising energy efficiency...

• Publication date : 2020/10/22
• Subjects: Regulation, Developing country

Midea launches R290 split ACs on the European market

In autumn 2021, Midea, corporate member of the IIR, began marketing R290 split air-conditioning units in Europe. Further imports are planned for early 2022. 

• Publication date : 2021/12/15
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

South-East market dominated by low efficiency ACs

According to a recent report, 74% of room air conditioners (RAC) sold in six South-East Asian countries do not meet minimum threshold according to China’s MEPS. The authors modelled...

• Publication date : 2023/10/24
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country

Thailand receives technical assistance to switch ACs to R32

Thailand recently announced a policy to complete conversion from R22 to R32 by 2017 while Indonesia has made a similar pledge.

• Publication date : 2015/08/17

Aermec’s parent company GRIG expands with the acquisition of Airlan

This acquisition strengthens GRIG’s presence in the European market and supports its broader international expansion. 

• Publication date : 2025/01/23

Investing in more efficient ACs could cut future AC world energy demand by 45%

A new International Energy Agency (IEA) report “The Future of Cooling - Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning » states that without new efficiency standards, the world will face a “cold crunch” from the growth in air-conditioning...

• Publication date : 2018/06/22
• Subjects: Figures, economy

The life cycle of fluorocarbons: case studies

The Climate and Clean Air Coalition has published a guide for policymakers in which  good practices regarding the life cycle of fluorocarbons are discussed. Concrete examples of refrigerant recycling in...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New design for CO2 cascade system

Researchers from two Spanish universities are looking for commercial licensees for a CO2 cascade refrigeration system that is said to overcome many of the current drawbacks of the technology.

• Publication date : 2014/06/20

An innovative NH3/CO2 cascade system in the US

By deploying a NH3/CO2 cascade system, a supermarket in Columbus, Georgia, reduced its annual direct emissions by at least 95%

• Publication date : 2016/02/03

R134a/CO2 cascade for a French ice rink

In the French Alps, the Alpe d’Huez ice rink has recently completely renovation, replacing the former HCFC-22 refrigeration system by an HFC-134a/CO2 cascade system.

• Publication date : 2015/11/04

Conferences: Casta Papiernicka

Compressors 2006, an IIR conference held in Casta Papiernicka on September 27-29, 2006 was as successful as the previous one in 2004: 170 attendees from 17 countries and 50 papers. A meeting of IIR Commissions B1 and B2 was held. Manufacturers and...

• Publication date : 2006/11/14

Conference update: Casta Papiernicka

For an update on the state of the art in the compressors field, register for the 7th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants - Compressors 2009 to be held in Casta Papiernicka, Slovak Republic, on September 30-October 2, 2009. Present...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Conference update: Casta Papiernicka

For an update on the state of the art in the compressors field, register for the 7th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants - Compressors 2009 to be held in Casta Papiernicka, Slovak Republic, on September 30-October 2, 2009. Present...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

Conference update: Casta Papiernicka

For an update on the state of the art in the compressors field, register for the 7th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants - Compressors 2009 to be held in Casta Papiernicka, Slovak Republic, on September 30-October 2, 2009. Present...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Conference update: Casta Papiernicka

For an update on the state of the art in the compressors field, register for the 7th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants - Compressors 2009 to be held in Casta Papiernicka, Slovak Republic, on September 30-October 2, 2009:

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

International events: Casta Papiernicka

The 7th IIR International Conference on Compressors and Coolants took place in Casta Papiernicka (Slovakia) on September 30-October 2, 2009. This IIR conference focused on the performances of compressors and the future of refrigerants (threats to...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Upcoming IIR Conference: Casta Papiernicka (2006)

Register for the 6th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants - Compressors 2006, September 27- 29, 2006 in Casta Papiernicka, Slovak Republic. Main themes: compressor and refrigeration technologies, inspection and diagnostics,...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Upcoming IIR events: Casta Papiernicka

Register for the 6th International Conference on Compressors and Coolants - Compressors 2006, September 27- 29, 2006 in Casta Papiernicka, Slovak Republic. Main themes: compressors, compressors and refrigeration technologies, inspection and...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Obituary: Aldo Dellacasa

The IIR would like to express its sincere condolences to the family and relatives of Dr. Eng. Aldo Dellacasa, who died on August 19, 2018, at the age of 93.

• Publication date : 2018/09/20

IC2015 Workshops: An opportunity to join, share and build together

ICR2015: A chance to actively participate in the innovation of refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2015/06/17

An impressive 1,000 abstracts received for the 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration

Covering all fields of refrigeration, ICR 2019 is expected to surpass the success of previous congresses, and will be a unique opportunity for researchers and engineers from all over the world to meet, exchange and publish the results of their...

• Publication date : 2018/07/24

Press release: An impressive 1,000 abstracts received for the 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration

First held in 1908, the International Congress of Refrigeration presented by the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is now the world’s leading event for research and industry in the HVACR sector, cryogenics included.

• Publication date : 2018/07/20

Obituary: Guy Gistau

Guy Gistau, a leading figure in cryogenics, has passed away. The IIR sends its most sincere condolences and deepest sympathy to his family and friends.

• Publication date : 2024/09/10

IIR in Bangkok: Highlights from COP13/MOP36 and the World Cold Chain Symposium

IIR actively participated in the COP13/MOP36 and 2024 World Cold Chain Symposium events organised in Bangkok, Thailand, from 26 October to 1 November, hosting two side events and promoting solutions for...

• Publication date : 2024/11/27
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

Philippe Lebrun received the Mendelssohn Award.

Philippe Lebrun, President of the IIR’s General Conference, received the prestigious Mendelssohn Award conferred by the International Cryogenic Engineering Committee on March 11, 2016.

• Publication date : 2016/03/16

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, HFO et HCFO, Blends

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends