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  • Refrigeration’s contribution to CCS

    Led by IFP (France), the European research project Cocate - which brings together 8 other research and industrial partners worldwide for a budget of 4.5 million € - tackles the problems of rolling out a shared transportation infrastructure capable...

    • Publication date : 2010/05/27
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  • ICR2011 highlights: carbon capture and storage (CCS) perspectives

    During ICR2011, a complete session was devoted to carbon capture and storage (CCS). Berstad et al.(1) stressed that according to IEA, out of the targeted global annual CO2 emissions reductions – 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels –, CO2 CCS from...

    • Publication date : 2011/11/16
    • Subjects: Environment, General information
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  • BOC’s refrigerants team

    According to BOC's refrigerants team, one in three plants runs on contaminatedrefrigerant. BOC's team tested over 50 industrial installations and found that 36% of refrigerant blends tested did not meet specifications and required complete...

    • Publication date : 2005/10/26
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  • Cryogenic distillation: a promising technology for carbon capture

    Cryogenic distillation is subject to intense R&D works for CO2 capture in CCS facilities. A plant using this technology is under construction in China.

    • Publication date : 2019/06/28
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  • New standards for “intelligent” ACs implemented in China

    China implements new standard to officially define and set technological requirements for intelligent ACs. Additionally, a Chinese air-conditioning manufacturer is the first company in China to achieve a global...

    • Publication date : 2020/06/26
    • Subjects: Regulation
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  • Newly revised efficiency standards for ACs in Brazil and India

    Stringent minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for air-conditioning (AC) equipment contribute to cutting down the energy demand for ACs globally. Setting up and periodically revising energy efficiency...

    • Publication date : 2020/10/22
    • Subjects: Regulation, Developing country
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  • Midea launches R290 split ACs on the European market

    In autumn 2021, Midea, corporate member of the IIR, began marketing R290 split air-conditioning units in Europe. Further imports are planned for early 2022. 

    • Publication date : 2021/12/15
    • Subjects: HFCs alternatives
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  • South-East market dominated by low efficiency ACs

    According to a recent report, 74% of room air conditioners (RAC) sold in six South-East Asian countries do not meet minimum threshold according to China’s MEPS. The authors modelled...

    • Publication date : 2023/10/24
    • Subjects: Technology, Developing country
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  • Thailand receives technical assistance to switch ACs to R32

    Thailand recently announced a policy to complete conversion from R22 to R32 by 2017 while Indonesia has made a similar pledge.

    • Publication date : 2015/08/17
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  • Investing in more efficient ACs could cut future AC world energy demand by 45%

    A new International Energy Agency (IEA) report “The Future of Cooling - Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning » states that without new efficiency standards, the world will face a “cold crunch” from the growth in air-conditioning...

    • Publication date : 2018/06/22
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • The life cycle of fluorocarbons: case studies

    The Climate and Clean Air Coalition has published a guide for policymakers in which  good practices regarding the life cycle of fluorocarbons are discussed. Concrete examples of refrigerant recycling in...

    • Publication date : 2022/07/08
    • Subjects: HFCs alternatives
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  • New design for CO2 cascade system

    Researchers from two Spanish universities are looking for commercial licensees for a CO2 cascade refrigeration system that is said to overcome many of the current drawbacks of the technology.

    • Publication date : 2014/06/20
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  • An innovative NH3/CO2 cascade system in the US

    By deploying a NH3/CO2 cascade system, a supermarket in Columbus, Georgia, reduced its annual direct emissions by at least 95%

    • Publication date : 2016/02/03
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  • R134a/CO2 cascade for a French ice rink

    In the French Alps, the Alpe d’Huez ice rink has recently completely renovation, replacing the former HCFC-22 refrigeration system by an HFC-134a/CO2 cascade system.

    • Publication date : 2015/11/04
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  • King Tut’s display case

    The face of the ancient Egyptian King Tutankhamun has been shown to the public for the first time since his tomb was discovered 85 years ago. The ancient mummy has been moved into a climate-controlled display case where it will be better protected...

    • Publication date : 2008/02/12
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  • Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

    • Last update : 2023/06/23
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : LNG and LPG
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  • Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

    Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

    • Last update : 2023/03/10
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information
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  • Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

    From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

    • Last update : 2023/06/30
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Ice creams
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  • Hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

    • Last update : 2022/06/22
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction
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  • Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

    The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

    • Last update : 2023/11/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • For IIR members only

    Global cold storage capacity

    This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

    • Last update : 2021/12/06
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics
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  • Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

    Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

    • Last update : 2023/09/15
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : HFCs
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  • Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

    In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

    • Last update : 2022/09/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers
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  • Nanorefrigerants

    Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English, French
    • Themes : Nanofluids
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  • Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

    In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

    • Last update : 2022/09/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)
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  • For IIR members only

    Heat pump stock in Europe

    This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

    • Last update : 2021/12/14
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends
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  • Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

    This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

    • Last update : 2022/01/20
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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See all results in the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration