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Study on the performance of a newly designed cooling system utilizing dam water for internet data centers.

• Author(s) : ANKA S. K., BOAFO N. L., MENSAH K., BOAHEN S., LEE K. H., CHOI J. M.
• Publication date: 2022/12
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 24
• Formats : PDF

Precise simulation analysis of the thermal field in mass concrete with a pipe water cooling system.

• Author(s) : LIU X., ZHANG C., CHANG X., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/03
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 78

IIR document

Concrete cooling on dam construction for world's largest hydroelectric power station.

• Author(s) : CASANOVA E.
• Publication date: 1980/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Dam, Concrete, Civil engineering, Design, Chilling, Construction
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 3 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

Building sciences: dam ice dam.

• Author(s) : LSTIBUREK J. W.
• Publication date: 2010/06
• Languages : English
• Source: ASHRAE Journal - vol. 52 - n. 6

IIR document

THE APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION IN ENERGY ENGINEERING.

• Author(s) : ZHONG F. Y.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : English
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

Problems in construction of vertical pipe ground-source heat pumps.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : HUANG W., ZHANG W.
• Publication date: 2013/01
• Languages : Chinese
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 43 - n. 273
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Load management and energy saving in refrigeration systems on deep mines in South Africa.

• Author(s) : ODENDAAL J. W. S., BLUHM S. J.
• Publication date: 2011/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 23^rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Prague, Czech Republic, August 21-26, 2011. Overarching theme: Refrigeration for Sustainable Development.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The transportation of ice through pipelines within cooling systems for deep mines.

• Author(s) : SHEER T. J., MCGARRY R., CHAN C. Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2003/08/17
• Languages : English
• Source: 21^st IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Serving the Needs of Mankind.
• Formats : PDF

Supercurrent reversal in quantum dots.

• Author(s) : DAM J. A. van, NAZAROV Y. V., BAKKERS E. P. A. M.
• Publication date: 2006/08/10
• Languages : English
• Source: Nature - vol. 442 - n. 7103

Cooling reconstruction in Hilton hotel, Prague.

[In Czech. / En tchèque.]

• Author(s) : CERMAK J.
• Publication date: 2008
• Languages : Czech
• Source: Vytápení Vetrání Instalace - vol. 17 - n. 5

New port terminal in Rotterdam

A group of companies recently announced in the presence of the Dutch Minister of Economic Affairs, Agriculture that a new port primarily dedicated to the storage, transfer and transportation of foodstuffs is to be operational in Rotterdam in 2014.

• Publication date : 2013/04/26

Infants with brain damage benefit from cooling

Doctors at the UC Davis Medical Center have been using a cooling technique to help children born with brain damage. Instead of being placed in blankets after birth, the infants are being cooled in order to prevent further brain damage from occurring.

• Publication date : 2012/07/31

Costco to pay USD 335,000 for R22 leaks

In a settlement announced in September 2014 by the US EPA and Department of Justice, Costco Wholesale Corporation, the second largest US retailer, will have to pay USD 335,000 in penalties and to improve refrigerant management at 274 stores.

• Publication date : 2014/11/19

Ammonia and hard ice revolutionizing the mining industry

Temperatures in mines can exceed 60°C, so keeping the underground cool and safe for workers represents an enormous challenge for the mining industry.

• Publication date : 2015/05/12

Leak detection thanks to thermal imaging cameras

Thermal imaging cameras can be specially designed for the detection of refrigerant gases.

• Publication date : 2014/04/14

A refrigerated warehouse in Cameroon.

The first stage of construction of the refrigerated warehouse.

• Publication date : 2015/07/22

New air conditioner system features “3D” camera

Japanese manufacturer Hitachi recently unveiled nine models of residential air conditioners with an unusual feature. The Stainless Clean Shirokuma-kun X series units features the company's "Living Camera 3D" technology.

• Publication date : 2015/05/05

Briefs: NO-LOSS Campaign

IRHACE (Institute of Refrigeration, Heating and Air Conditioning Engineers of New Zealand) has set up a NO-LOSS campaign designed for technicians, engineers and stakeholders and involving use of comprehensive packs. The knowledge and skills...

• Publication date : 2004/04/28

Castle Lite’s ice cold campaign.

The South African beer refreshes its image.

• Publication date : 2017/02/07
• Subjects: General information

Buildings: heating and cooling equipment roadmap

At the request of the G8, IEA is developing a series of roadmaps for some of the most important technologies needed for achieving a global energy-related CO2 emissions target in 2050 of 50% below current levels. Energy-efficient Buildings: Heating...

• Publication date : 2011/08/11

University of Chicago – South Campus chiller plant

When the University of Chicago built a new chiller plant, it seized the opportunity to make the new plant functional, high-performance and on display as a work of art. The resulting South Campus chiller plant celebrates technical equipment: all...

• Publication date : 2011/06/09

A cryostat provides the optical bench of the largest digital astronomic camera

The manufacture of a cryostat to be used as an optical bench for the camera of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope has been completed.

• Publication date : 2018/09/20

IEA “Net Zero by 2050” roadmap: the role of the refrigeration sector

In its latest report, the IEA stresses that the path to net‐zero emissions by 2050 is narrow. In this context, the refrigeration sector, including heat pumps, has an important role to play. 

• Publication date : 2021/06/29
• Subjects: Environment

Global LNG supply: the potential of Africa, South and Central America

IGU provides an update on the LNG supply outlook for countries in Africa, Central and South America. 

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Developing country

New energy-efficient way to make ammonia

The traditional way of manufacturing ammonia leaves a huge carbon footprint. An Australian team of researchers have found a cheaper and greener way to make ammonia from air, water, and renewable electricity....

• Publication date : 2021/02/08
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Environment

International events: Amsterdam

The 13th European Cold Chain Logistics Program held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on February 8-9, 2010 attracted 120 participants from 22 countries, and 20 presentations were given. www.gcca.org

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

International events: Amsterdam

The 12th European Cold Chain Education Program took place in Amsterdam on January 26-27, 2009 and attracted over 160 participants from 24 countries. Thirty-one presentations covered a wide range of logistics issues including ways of adapting to...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

International events: Amsterdam

The 53rd REHVA General Assembly took place on May 14-16, 2009 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. D. Coulomb and R Lazzarin attended it. Ways to strengthen our links, particularly regarding co-sponsorship of conferences (eg. 47th AICARR International...

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

Conference update: Amsterdam

- The IIR co-sponsored 11th European Cold Chain Education Program, an IIR-co-sponsored event, will be held in Amsterdam on February 25-26, 2008. The theme is "Back to basics: safe, efficient and profitable cold storage and distribution". The event...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Conference update: Amsterdam

With "Explore the future: Green, lean, and cost-effective cold storage and distribution operations" as theme, the 12th European Cold Chain Logistics Education Program & Trade Show is to be held on January 26-27, 2009 in Amsterdam. This event...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Conference update: Amsterdam

The IIR co-sponsored 11th European Cold Chain Education Program, an IIR-co-sponsored event, will be held in Amsterdam on February 25-26, 2008. The theme is "Back to basics: safe, efficient and profitable cold storage and distribution". The event...

• Publication date : 2008/01/25

Refrigeration Fundamentals on sale!

The IIR's latest course, Refrigeration Fundamentals - Educational Course, will be available within a few weeks. Refrigeration Fundamentals, by André Pilatte - Delegate of Belgium to the IIR and Professor at the Faculté Polytechnique de Mons -...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Valuable publications: Refrigeration Fundamentals

Refrigeration Fundamentals: this IIR course deals with refrigeration fundamentals, components of refrigeration plants, the refrigerants and lubricants used, and control systems. It is an attractive and valuable teaching tool that technicians and...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Conference update: Amsterdam

The theme of the IIR-co-sponsored 11th European Cold Chain Education Program is Back to Basics; safe, efficient and profitable cold storage and distribution. Register now for this event to be held on February 25-26, 2008:

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

LNG fundamentals explained in the Encyclopedia of refrigeration

The latest entry in the IIR’s online Encyclopedia of refrigeration is a thematic file presenting LNG production processes, and cold energy recovery applications.

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: Technology

Press release: The International Institute of Refrigeration appoints Professor Judith Evans as new president of Commission C2

The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is proud to announce the appointment of Judith Evans, Professor at London South Bank University, as the new president of IIR Commission C2 on food science and engineering.

• Publication date : 2016/07/12

New IIR Working Groups focus on core matters in refrigeration

IIR Working Groups (WGs) operate on a temporary basis and bring together specialists to work on projects concerning current technological, social or economic issues linked to refrigeration. Their aim is to promote development, provide knowledge...

• Publication date : 2018/10/02

Visit: Cameroon

In November 2004, Philippe Mbesse, the Delegate of Cameroon to the IIR, and Didier Coulomb, met the Ambassador of Cameroon to France, His Excellency Mr Pascal Biloa Tang, in order to strengthen the links between Cameroon and the IIR.

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Conference update: Cambridge

The 1st IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain will take place on March 29-31, 2010 in Cambridge, UK. Present a paper, check out pre-registration and keep updated on themes and short courses:

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

Conference update: Cambridge

The 1st IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain is to be held on March 29-31, 2010. The conference, which will attract an international audience of researchers and industrialists, will bring together those with an...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 160 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of July 2, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/07/02
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids