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VAV box duct design.

• Author(s) : TAYLOR S. T.
• Publication date: 2017/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Variable volume, Building, Ventilation, Design, Recommendation, Air, Duct, Life cycle, Cost, Pressure drop
• Source: ASHRAE Journal - vol. 59 - n. 3

A non-iterative balancing method for HVAC duct system.

• Author(s) : CHEN H., CAI W., WANG Q.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Performance, Optimization, Modelling, Duct, Air conditioning, Air distribution
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 4^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Performance comparisons for variable-speed ductless and single-speed ducted residential heat pumps.

• Author(s) : CHEUNG H., BRAUN J. E.
• Publication date: 2014/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Comparison, Variable speed, Heat pump, Performance, Duct
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 47
• Formats : PDF

Full surface heat transfer characteristics of rotor ventilation duct of a turbine generator.

• Author(s) : YOO W., JEON S., SON C., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/02/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Generator, Ventilation, Heat transfer, Cooling, Performance, Duct, Flow
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 94

Thermal comfort study of a building equipped with thermoelectric air duct system for tropical climate.

• Author(s) : IRSHAD K., HABIB K., BASRAWI F., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/12/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Economy, Building, Thermoelectricity, Air, Duct, Thermal comfort
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 91

Study on flow and heat transfer in a finned internal cooling duct.

• Author(s) : QIU Q., DU X., ZHU X., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/02/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Finned tube, Gas turbine, Heat transfer, Duct, Expérimentation, Forced convection
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 113

IIR document

Experimental investigation on ducted hot aisle containment system for racks cooling of data center.

• Author(s) : ZHAN B., SHAO S., LIN M., ZHANG H., TIAN C., ZHOU Y.
• Publication date: 2021/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Data centre, Expérimentation, Cooling capacity, Duct, Chilled water, Containment
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 127
• Formats : PDF

On the use of Irwin probes to measure wall shear stresse in rectangular ducts of constant section.

• Author(s) : FARIA R., FERREIRA A. D., LOPES A. M. G., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Friction, Probe, Performance, Pressure, Duct, Expérimentation, Flow
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermally developing flow of Al2O3-water nanofluid through regular N-sided polygonal ducts: A semi-analytic weighted residuals approach.

• Author(s) : AREFMANESH A., ABBASIAN ARANI A. A., NIROUMAND A.
• Publication date: 2017/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Comparison, Heat transfer, Nusselt, Nanofluid, Duct, Flow
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 78
• Formats : PDF

Design and development of Arduino controlled self balancing duct cleaning robot: a case study.

• Author(s) : ADHIKARY P., IQBAL F., SADRI R., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/07/27
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Microtechnology, Automation, Design, Air flow, Cleaning, Duct, Thermal comfort, Air conditioning
• Source: Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Sustainable and Intelligent HVAC&R Systems, Kolkata, July 27-28 2018.
• Formats : PDF

A computational investigation of the effect of ground clearance in vertical ducting systems - ASHRAE RP-1743.

• Author(s) : MAULIK R., SAN O., BACH C. K.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Velocity (fluids, gases), Indoor environment, Turbulence, Reynolds, Simulation, Performance, Duct, Testing
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Effect of inlet duct and damper design on fan performance and static pressure measurements (ASHRAE 1743 RP).

• Author(s) : HOSSAIN M. Y., BACH C. K., SAN O.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Standardization, Fan, Design, Temperature, Performance, Duct, Expérimentation, Testing, Mobile equipment, Air conditioning
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The effects of wall curvature and adverse pressure gradient on air ducts in HVAC systems using turbulent entropy generation analysis.

• Author(s) : TAHERI A., BAK KHOSHNEVIS A., LAKZIAN E.
• Publication date: 2020/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Air conditioning, Duct, Wall, Entropy, Turbulence, Modelling, Expérimentation, Thermodynamic property
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 113
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Numerical and experimental analysis of the air flow distribution in the cooling duct of a display cabinet.

• Author(s) : MARINETTI S., CAVAZZINI G., LAURI I., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Commercial application, Display cabinet, Simulation, Duct, Expérimentation, Case study, Air distribution
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 42
• Formats : PDF

Flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of R1234yf in a dimpled flat duct.

• Author(s) : GAO Y., FENG Y., TANG K., HRNJAK P.
• Publication date: 2021/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R1234yf, Heat exchanger, Thermodynamic property, Flow boiling, Heat transfer, Pressure drop, Duct, Test room, Expérimentation
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 18^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

International milestone agreement on the phase-down of HFC production and consumption in Kigali

The 28th Meeting of the Parties (MOP28) to the Montreal Protocol which was held in Kigali, Rwanda, from October 10 to 14, 2016, led to an international agreement on the phase-down of the production and consumption of HFCs.

• Publication date : 2016/10/18
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Superconducting cable for urban electricity

Part of AmpaCity project, the 1km, 10 kV high temperature ceramic-based superconductive cable is the world’s longest and the first to have been integrated into an urban electricity grid in Essen, Germany.

• Publication date : 2015/10/21

100 years of superconductivity

April 8, 2011 marked the 100th anniversary of the discovery of superconductivity by Heike Kammerlingh Onnes. Working in his lab at Leiden University on April 8, 1911, he was experimenting with the electrical...

• Publication date : 2011/07/26

High-temperature Superconductivity

Groundbreaking findings on high-temperature superconductivity. A superconductor is a material that can conduct electricity with virtually no resistance. The phenomenon was discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911 and takes place in certain metals...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

The superconductor industry global market

The global market for superconductor technologies accounted for USD 1.8 billion in 2015 and is expected to reach USD 5.8 billion by 2022.

• Publication date : 2015/09/28
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Superconductivity for aircrafts?

NASA recently published plans for the development of aircraft using superconductivity for a time frame around 2030. This could allow for noise reduction, improved carbon footprint and energy savings. The main advantage of HTS machines is that they...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

The LNG global production

Global LNG production capacity to increase by 130 billion m3 by 2018 as 12 new liquefaction plants open IEA report says.

• Publication date : 2014/01/30

Superconductor cable innovation

Nexans, a French cable manufacturer, is to make the cable and cryogenic cooling system for the US Department of Energy's (DoE) 30 million USD high-temperature superconductor (HTS) power project in the Long Island Power Authority transmission grid....

• Publication date : 2004/04/28

Extreme heat reduces productivity in global economies

In a recent report, a non-profit organisation examined how global warming is affecting the economy and labour productivity in 12 major urban areas worldwide. 

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Temperature-sensitive products: DHL

DHL has launched a Europe-wide solution for customers shipping small volumes of temperature-sensitive products. Throughout the entire journey in refrigerated trucks, the temperature of the pharmaceutical shipment is continuously monitored and...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Quick frozen dumplings (jiaozi) production

Quick frozen dumplings play an important part in quick frozen food, is the largest class in quick frozen food production.

• Publication date : 2016/12/14
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Green hydrogen production project in Namibia

In partnership with a French-German consortium, the Namibian government plans to develop a green hydrogen production facility. Although some of the funding may be secured as early as...

• Publication date : 2022/01/18
• Subjects: Developing country

Reefer container production at its peak

Reefer container production increased greatly during 2011, beating their previous annual peak in 2008 by over 30%.

• Publication date : 2012/06/22

Temperature-sensitive products: UPS

UPS has announced "significant expansion" of its capabilities for shipment of temperature-sensitive medical items, including round-the-clock refrigeration or replenishment of dry ice as necessary. UPS has implemented Proactive Response, a...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

HCFC consumption and production in developing countries

Recent data on the HCFC production and consumption of developing countries were submitted to the Committee of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol.

• Publication date : 2018/03/27
• Subjects: Developing country

ENOUGH Project: Joint Statement on Food Waste Reduction

The ENOUGH project has joined efforts to call for rigorous food waste reduction measures in Europe.

• Publication date : 2023/12/08

1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction

1st IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems will be held in Antony, France, on April 6-7, 2009. Contact helene.macchi@cemagref.fr to register and present a paper

• Publication date : 2009/02/13

New IIR Informatory Note on Refrigerant Charge Reduction

Now available for IIR members! The 25th IIR Informatory Note, the latest in the series on Refrigeration Technologies.

• Publication date : 2014/05/28

IIR Working Party on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems: Join Us!

Suitable design of refrigerating systems has several benefits in terms of limitation of the environmental impact thanks to a reduction in the energy consumption and the limitation of refrigerant emissions. The direct greenhouse effect accounts for...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Call for industrial partners for joint industry cryogenics project linked to LNG production

Become a project partner: Join the Joint Industry Project of MINES ParisTech – ARMINES “Evaluation of the crystallization risk in LNG production”.

• Publication date : 2017/03/16

New IIR publication: Latest Developments in Refrigerated Storage, Transportation and Display of Food Products

The proceedings of Latest Developments in Refrigerated Storage, Transportation and Display of Food Products, an IIR conference involving Commissions C2, D1 with D2, held in Amman, Jordan, on March 28-30, 2005 comprise 24 papers. within the...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

The “Carbon reduction opportunities for the food chain” workshop at ICCC 2022

The workshop was focused on the solutions brought by the EU project ENOUGH to reduce emissions from the food sector as set by the EU farm to fork strategy. A panel discussion was also held during the event...

• Publication date : 2022/04/29

The proceedings CD-ROM of the 3rd IIR Workshop on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Valencia are on sale!

The proceedings CD-ROM comprising 8 plenary presentations, 13 papers, and 2 industrial PowerPoint presentations are on sale on the IIR's Web site (Publications/Bookshop section)

• Publication date : 2013/02/21

Proposal for technical and financial collaboration: Census of cold production equipment in the industrial and tertiary sectors in France (in French)

As part of its activities in industrial and commercial refrigeration, the EDF R&D TREE department is planning to carry out a study on the French stock of installed refrigeration equipment.

• Publication date : 2020/09/28

Discover the 30th Informatory Note on Heat-Sensitive Health Products

In this Informatory Note, the IIR has defined the issues and challenges that need to be addressed in order to ensure that reliable cold chains, along the distribution chain of products essential to public health, are put in place.

• Publication date : 2016/01/13

Commission C1: At the forefront of Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products

The commission has clearly defined objectives in cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products research; knowledge dissemination; technology transfer and education.

• Publication date : 2016/06/01

Up to 20% discount on refrigeration market research!

Being part of the IIR gives you even more benefits with discounts of up to 20% on refrigeration market research studies.

• Publication date : 2014/10/23

Continued IIR commitment to reduce refrigerant emissions

This week at UNESCO headquarter in Paris, the IIR is attending the Joint 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention and the 26th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol.

• Publication date : 2014/11/19
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

The International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now accessible online

Previously only available in paper format and in just 5 languages, the complete version of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now accessible on our website.

• Publication date : 2015/09/23

Now freely accessible: The IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration

Now available in 11 languages, the complete version of the IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration is freely accessible online!

• Publication date : 2018/01/31

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)