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IIR document

Design, development and construction of Hall effect-based turbine meter type to measure flow in low-cost lithium bromide salt: Proposed flowmeter and first results.

• Author(s) : CALDAS A. M. A., CALDAS A. G. A., DOS SANTOS C.A.C., OCHOA A. A. V., CÉZAR K. L., MICHIMA P.S.A
• Publication date: 2020/04
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 112
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Updated Global Warming Potentials and Radiative Efficiencies of Halocarbons and Other Weak Atmospheric Absorbers

• Author(s) : HODNEBROG Ø., AAMAAS B., FUGLESTVEDT J.S., MARSTON G., MYHRE G., NIELSEN C.J., SANDSTAD M., SHINE K. P., WALLINGTON T. J.
• Publication date: 2020/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CFC, HFC, HCFC, HFO, Environment, CO2 emission, Modelling, World, GWP, Climate, Stratosphere, Review, Greenhouse effect, Halon, F-gas (fluorinated gas)
• Source: Reviews of Geophysics - 58 - 3
• Formats : PDF

Comparison of the performance of single-effect, half-effect, double-effect in series and inverse and triple-effect absorption cooling systems operating with the NH3–LiNO3 mixture.

• Author(s) : DOMINGUEZ-INZUNZA L. A., HERNÁNDEZ-MAGALLANES J. A., SANDOVAL-REYES M., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 66 - n. 1-2

IIR document

Dynamic modeling and simulation of a double-effect absorption heat pump.

• Author(s) : CALLE A. de la, ROCA L., BONILLA J., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Lithium bromide, Double effect heat pump, Absorption, Simulation, Modelling, Falling film
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 72
• Formats : PDF

Estudio de una máquina de absorción de dos etapas doble efecto como ciclo de potencia.

Study of an absorption double effect two-stage machine as power cycle.

• Author(s) : VENTAS R., VEREDA C., LECUONA A., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Electricity, Lithium, Ammonia, Absorption system, Multiple effect, Nitrate
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

A new cycle for LiBr-H2O triple-effect absorption chillers; reverse-parallel flow cycle.

• Author(s) : SEO H., PARK J., JEONG S.
• Publication date: 2017/08/07
• Languages : English
• Source: International sorption heat pump conference, ISHPC 2017, Tokyo august 7-10.

Performance comparison of a triple-effect absorption refrigeration cycle with water/lithium bromide and two water/alkalie salts working fluids.

• Author(s) : FITO J., SALAVERA D., CORONAS A.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Comparison, Aqueous solution, Absorption system, Performance, Multiple effect, Water-lithium bromide
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Finite-time thermodynamics optimization of an irreversible parallel flow double-effect absorption refrigerator.

• Author(s) : MEDJO NOUADJE B. A., NGOUATEU WOUAGFACK P. A., TCHINDA R.
• Publication date: 2016/07
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 67
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A study on carbon steel corrosion for the development of LiBr-H2O triple-effect absorption chillers.

• Author(s) : PARK J., JEONG S.
• Publication date: 2017/04/23
• Languages : English
• Source: 5^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Development of a solar assisted high efficiency single/double effect absorption air conditioning system.

• Author(s) : NISHIMURA N., MATSUBARA T., NAKAGAWA H., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Ionic liquid : ammonia double-effect absorption refrigeration cycles for refrigeration in fishing vessels.

• Author(s) : WANG M., BECKER T. M., INFANTE FERREIRA C.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle boosted with an ejector-adiabatic absorber using a single solution pump.

• Author(s) : VEREDA C., VENTAS R., LECUONA A., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/02
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 38
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Energy saving on solar air-conditioning system using single-double effect combined absorption chiller at Universitas Indonesia.

• Author(s) : IDRUS ALHAMID M., YABASE H., SAITO K., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

High-flux thermal management at megawatt scale using a double-effect absorption/vapor-compression cascade refrigeration cycle.

• Author(s) : NAGAVARAPU A. K., GARIMELLA S.
• Publication date: 2020/11
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 119
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Performance analysis and optimization of new double effect lithium bromide–water absorption chiller with series and parallel flows.

• Author(s) : CHAHARTAGHI M., GOLMOHAMMADI H., SHOJAEI A. F.
• Publication date: 2019/01
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 97
• Formats : PDF

MAC: SAE considers R1234yf as “safe and effective” and AC5 and AC6 blends as “technically credible”

The SAE International Cooperative Research Project team has concluded that “R1234yf refrigerant is safe and effective to use in automotive applications. It also concluded that “based on a detailed fault tree analysis, AC6 offers a risk profile...

• Publication date : 2013/08/27

The district cooling network of Paris will be extended by 158 km within 20 years

Paris’ district cooling network currently covers over 86 kilometres and will be extended to 250 kilometres by 2042. It will increase the city's contribution to the carbon neutrality objective by...

• Publication date : 2022/01/28

Temperature control and sustainability, the challenges of 3D meat printing

Temperature control is a key factor that still limits the application of 3D printing in the meat industry, according to recent scientific publications. 

• Publication date : 2023/01/26
• Subjects: Technology

Refrigerated transport: innovations and challenges for sustainability

Review of the most promising technologies for refrigerated transport: vapour compression systems with natural refrigerants, photovoltaic systems with electrical energy storage,...

• Publication date : 2022/04/29
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Technology

Green hydrogen production project in Namibia

In partnership with a French-German consortium, the Namibian government plans to develop a green hydrogen production facility. Although some of the funding may be secured as early as...

• Publication date : 2022/01/18
• Subjects: Developing country

Meeting the challenge of a sustainable global food cold chain

A recent report published by UNEP and FAO includes several important recommendations on how to develop more sustainable food cold chains. 

• Publication date : 2022/12/15
• Subjects: General information

The EU is on track for meeting its HFC phase-down obligation

Latest official figures show that in 2018, EU-wide placing on the market of HFCs was 1% below the 2018 maximum limit set by the quota system, despite a 41% reduction of this limit compared with 2017.

• Publication date : 2020/03/02
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Growing popularity of LNG as a fuel in maritime and land transport

Less than 1% of the world fleet is LNG-powered, but this figure is expected to grow at least fivefold over the coming years. Recent figures suggest that the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a fuel for...

• Publication date : 2021/01/26

Recent advances in hydrogen liquefaction and storage

Several review articles present a comprehensive overview of the liquid hydrogen supply chain. IIR members Linde and Air Liquide are contributing to address the global demand for...

• Publication date : 2023/06/28
• Subjects: Technology

Evaporative cooling without adding humidity

Scientists at the University of Harvard have designed a prototype evaporative cooling system called Cold-SNAP that effectively cools air at low cost for both dry and humid climates.

• Publication date : 2020/05/26
• Subjects: Developing country, Technology

Zero-energy buildings: closer than you might think

The US Department of Energy lists only eight zero energy buildings in the US in its high-performance building database. Zero-energy building is nevertheless expected to increase dramatically in the construction industry over the next few decades...

• Publication date : 2012/05/04
• Subjects: Environment

European Commission

The European Commission presented on August 1, 2008, a proposal to amend current Regulation 2037/2000 on ozone depleting substances (ODS) highlighting the interplay between both the ozone depleting and global warming effect from such substances...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Energy saving initiatives for cooling in data centres

In January 2021, Europe’s leading cloud and data centre operators signed the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact, a self-regulatory initiative to become climate neutral by 2030. According to recent studies, free...

• Publication date : 2021/02/25
• Subjects: Environment, Technology

Solar Air conditioning

With high summer temperatures, air-conditioning and thermal comfort are increasingly important issues, but raise the challenges of high energy consumption and of environmental consequences. Three recent projects use solar energy to operate...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Chilled water cooling pads to reduce heat stress in pigs

A team of scientists at Purdue university in the USA has developed cooling pads to keep pigs cool and reduce the impact of heat stress on milk output and piglet...

• Publication date : 2023/11/28
• Subjects: Technology

Join the IIR to stay up-to-date!

The world of refrigeration is changing rapidly and must continue to accelerate its adaptation to the challenges of climate change: very low greenhouse effect refrigerants, greatly increased energy efficiency,...

• Publication date : 2021/12/15

The IIR is involved in a new project called Cool-Save

The IIR is involved in a new project called Cool-Save. This 30-month European project comprises the development and dissemination of cost-effective strategies designed to improve energy efficiency in cooling systems in the food and drink sector.

• Publication date : 2012/04/25

A new technical guide on cold rooms

On the occasion of COP 28, the IIR and Efficiency for Access, with the contribution of ESMAP, have published a new guide. It aims to provide accessible and practical guidance to enable developers, owners,...

• Publication date : 2023/11/28

Participation of the IIR at COP-10

On December 6-18, 2004, over 6100 participants from 169 countries attended the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP-10) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)  held at the Rural Exhibition Center in Buenos Aires ,...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

The IIR at COP13/CMP3 in Bali

During the United Nations Conference on Climate Change which was held in Bali, Indonesia on December 3-14, 2007, delegates have agreed on both the agenda for the negotiations and a 2009 deadline for completing them. However, the text does not...

• Publication date : 2007/12/27

The IIR at COP-11/MOP-1 in Montreal

The IIR, as an intergovernmental organization, participated in this "historic" event which gathered 10 000 people for the largest United Nations Framework Conference on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ever held. The conference held...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

IIR publications

The IIR is preparing 4 new publications that will be available by the end of 2007: - a booklet entitled Refrigeration Drives Sustainable Development which is an update of the 2002 report Refrigeration Sector Achievements and Challenges prepared...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

June 2004: fruitful meetings of the IIR’s statutory committees

Here are some highlights of the annual meetings of the IIR's statutory bodies (Management Committee, Science and Technology Council [STC] and Executive Committee): Strategic Plan of the IIR Four years after having adopted its Strategic...

• Publication date : 2004/07/27

The IIR with the World Bank in West Bengal

The IIR is a key partner in the World Bank’s project on the Inland Waterways Transport (IWT) integration into the cold chain in West Bengal 

• Publication date : 2021/09/07

Cryogenics and Low-Temperature Physics: New Horizons and Challenges

This Focus written by Ralf Herzog*, President of the IIR’s Cryophysics, Cryoengineering commission (Commission A1) for the Newsletter of the IIR is the third in a series of presentations of the activities and hot research topics handled by the...

• Publication date : 2012/09/21

Editorial by Mrs. Sylvie Lemmet

The refrigeration and air conditioning (RAC) industry is remarkable for its contribution to sustainable development and indeed to the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals. Preservation of perishable food and medicines has resulted in...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

Energy is one of the main strategic challenges of this century, both in terms of the impact of energy consumption on the environment (greenhouse effect) and above all in terms of the risk of shortages with respect to our society's needs (limited...

• Publication date : 2006/11/14

Activities of the IIR’s Commission E2 “Heat Pumps, Energy Recovery”

Presentation of IIR Commission E2 activities by Per Lundqvist, President of Commission E2

• Publication date : 2015/05/22

Walk-In Cold Rooms: A Practitioner’s Technical Guide

In many developing countries, agriculture is crucial to livelihoods, and developing the cold chain from field to table can boost incomes and stimulate economic growth. Cold stores are an essential link in the...

• Publication date : 2024/01/24
• Subjects: General information

Discover the 33rd IIR Informatory Note on "Cogeneration/Trigeneration"

This Informatory Note discusses the operating principles of cogeneration and trigeneration as well as their advantages and challenges.

• Publication date : 2017/01/17

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information