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Thermal effects of pump-overs during red wine fermentation.
Efecto de la fermentación controlada y la aplicación de frio en la obtención de col ácida de alta calidad.
Effect of controlled fermentation and cooling on the processing of high quality acid cabbage.
Thermodynamic analysis of single and double-effect absorption refrigeration systems for cooling ethanol fermentation process.
Viabilidad de Sacchromyces cerevisiae y Saccharomyces bouladii en cerveza artesanal tipo "Ale".
Viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii in a "ale" type craft beer.
Démarche "éco responsable" et économie de l'énergie en vinification.
Environmentally responsible approach and energy saving in winemaking.
IIR document
Reduction of specific energy and carbon emission during fermentation and drying of salami.
Inactivation of Anisakis larvae in salt-fermented squid and pollock tripe by freezing, salting, and combined treatment with chlorine and ultrasound.
CO2-based water chiller for wineries: a case study.
Forced-air cooling of dairy product in pallets: influence of process parameters on energy and quality.
Effect of Freezing Wheat Dough Enriched with Calcium Salts with/without Inulin on Bread Quality.
Heat pumps for energy efficient breweries.
Nucleation intensification in the ice cream production
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Saving energy using RQ-based dynamic controlled atmosphere storage of blueberry fruit.
Study on the change in the molecular weight of casein during milk fermentation.
Antioxidant responses in fermented cabbage and juice during storage.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
49 results
Differentiated chilling for meat
A new intelligent-pad-chilling method for meat carcasses developed by DMRI Consult for the Danish Meat Research Institute, is claimed to be able to reduce meat weight loss by 90% and reduce energy costs by approximately 50%. Each carcass is...
Kigali Amendment impact on global warming
The 8th Emissions Gap Report acknowledges the potential contribution short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) could make in the global effort to keep the planet’s warming well below 2 °C compared to pre-industrial levels.
Cold storage of evergreen seedlings affected by global warming
Due to global warming, conifer seedlings are more often exposed to desiccation during snow-free winters. Overwinter cold storage allows to improve their survival, provided that...
China announces HCFC shutdown
China has announced closure of five HCFC refrigeration production lines, nearly 16% of total production, by 2015.
Limiting global warming to 1.5°C: the potential contribution of the refrigeration sector
The latest IPCC report stresses the importance to limit the increase in the global average temperature to 1.5°C instead of 2°C in order to lower the adaptation needs. The refrigeration sector can contribute to this objective.
China has announced it will close five of its HCFC refrigeration production lines, nearly 16% of total production, by 2015.
Cryopreservation techniques in reproductive medicine: improving cell survival after warming
A recent literature review presents the technical progress in cryopreservation techniques. The vitrification concept is presented as crucial to ensure cell survival after cryopreservation.
A French supermarket switches its refrigeration system to CO2 without closing the store
The French retailer Intermarché has replaced its R404A system with a transcritical CO2 system in a store in Montmagny, near Paris.
Cheers to that!
An innovative brewery refrigeration system that uses natural CO2 gas has been conceived by engineers from the Ziemann Group in collaboration with Axima. This system, which will be of particular interest to large plants with extensive pipe networks...
Briefs: 72 bacterial species identified in domestic refrigerators
French agency, AFSSA (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments) recently conducted a microbiological study on 2 types of refrigeration installations related to domestic food consumption: refrigerated display cabinets and domestic...
Invasion of a Body Snatcher
New research by French scientists has revealed how Listeria monocytogenes can activate the cellular transport machinery that transports viruses and small molecules and proteins and use it to invade cells and hide from the body's immune system....
Towards a sustainable seafood cold chain
Several FAO (UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation) reports present the figures and challenges of the seafood cold chain.
Chilled & deli food market in Asia-Pacific
The Asia-Pacific chilled & deli food market had total revenues of USD 296,724.7million in 2012.
Global chilled & deli food market
The global chilled & deli food market had total revenues of USD 748,338.7 million in 2012, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.7% between 2008 and 2012.
Chilled & deli food market in Europe
The European chilled & deli food market had total revenues of USD 190,842.5 million in 2012.
IIR news
21 results
ICCC2022 - early bird rate ending soon
Only seven days left to take advantage of early bird rates for the 7th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC 2022).
IIR International Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants – early bird rate closing soon!
The early bird rate for the 1st IIR International Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants is scheduled to end in a few days. Book today to secure a place at this breakthrough conference !
Early Bird Registration now open for the Compressors Conference 2023 in London
Early Bird Registration ends August 6! This multi-day conference organised by the Centre for Compressors Technology at City, University of London, provides a forum for developments in air, gas and refrigeration...
Webinar: The role of sustainable cooling technologies in the fight against climate change (in English and Italian)
A webinar on "The role of sustainable cooling technologies in the fight against climate change", organized with Italy and IRENA, will take place on December 10 at 11:30 am (Paris time).
Early bird registration ends April 15 for IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2022
Scheduled to take place on June 13-15, 2022, in Trondheim, Norway, the 15th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants will be a conference to remember!
Highlight from COP13/MOP36 - Day 1
At a side event during COP13/MOP36 in Bangkok, IIR and Cool Up Programme convened global leaders to address challenges in energy-efficient refrigeration and cooling. Discussions focused on reducing emissions,...
IIR Informatory Note highlights global air conditioning's CO2 emissions and energy impact
The IIR has modelled current and future CO2 emissions attributable to air conditioning in different regions of the world.
Working Group on the thermal management systems for electric vehicles
The IIR has decided to set up a working group on this subject. Experts from different countries are invited to join. We need you!
SophiA project: HKA Lab test progress
SophiA HKA (Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences) Lab test is intended to provide a better understanding of the cooling system in in different climate zones.
Available now: All 474 papers from the Purdue Conferences 2018
Welcoming 800 participants from 30 different countries, the 2018 Purdue Conferences took place at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, from July 9 to 12, 2018.
The First Students and Researchers Network!
During the Prague congress, a great turn-out of 70 young researchers of over 20 different nationalities met face to face with 30 leading experts in various fields of refrigeration.
Discover the 32nd IIR Informatory Note on the “Harmonization of Life Cycle Climate Performance Methodology”
This Informatory Note summarises the LCCP guidelines prepared by the Working Group. It provides recommended assumptions and data sources for different types of units, presents the various existing LCCP tools and outlines usages and limitations of...
IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2018 attracts its largest number of participants yet
With a focus on natural refrigerants, principally ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, the 13th conference in the series attracted the largest number of participants yet, welcoming an impressive 300 individuals from 45 different countries and...
Training and courses: Accessible opportunities online
The IIR has taken care to provide you with an exclusive selection of digital training and course material on the main themes of HVACR, including a section dedicated to certification courses from reputable international organisations and companies...
Join our training course and officially become a new Ambassador for clean cooling and heating!
Experts and representatives from three sister projects in different regions of the world: ENOUGH in Europe, INDEE+ in India and ACES in Africa are arranging a free one-hour training course on clean cooling and...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
11 results
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
