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Thermal effects of pump-overs during red wine fermentation.
Efecto de la fermentación controlada y la aplicación de frio en la obtención de col ácida de alta calidad.
Effect of controlled fermentation and cooling on the processing of high quality acid cabbage.
Viabilidad de Sacchromyces cerevisiae y Saccharomyces bouladii en cerveza artesanal tipo "Ale".
Viability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii in a "ale" type craft beer.
IIR document
Impact of precooling strategies on microbial dynamics during cabbage kimchi fermentation.
Démarche "éco responsable" et économie de l'énergie en vinification.
Environmentally responsible approach and energy saving in winemaking.
Reduction of specific energy and carbon emission during fermentation and drying of salami.
Influence of frozen storage and different thawing techniques on the shelf life of coconut neera.
A novel biogas liquefaction process adopting dual nitrogen expansion cycle with carbon dioxide pre-cooling.
CO2-based water chiller for wineries: a case study.
Forced-air cooling of dairy product in pallets: influence of process parameters on energy and quality.
Effect of Freezing Wheat Dough Enriched with Calcium Salts with/without Inulin on Bread Quality.
Heat pumps for energy efficient breweries.
Cryoprotective potential of vegetable powders and polydextrose in frozen bread doughs.
Nucleation intensification in the ice cream production
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Saving energy using RQ-based dynamic controlled atmosphere storage of blueberry fruit.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
40 results
Inauguration of the “Ferments du Futur” Innovation Centre
The “Ferments du Futur” Innovation Centre, dedicated to sustainable food research, was recently opened by INRAE in the Paris-Saclay science and innovation cluster, France.
Cheers to that!
An innovative brewery refrigeration system that uses natural CO2 gas has been conceived by engineers from the Ziemann Group in collaboration with Axima. This system, which will be of particular interest to large plants with extensive pipe networks...
Briefs: 72 bacterial species identified in domestic refrigerators
French agency, AFSSA (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments) recently conducted a microbiological study on 2 types of refrigeration installations related to domestic food consumption: refrigerated display cabinets and domestic...
Invasion of a Body Snatcher
New research by French scientists has revealed how Listeria monocytogenes can activate the cellular transport machinery that transports viruses and small molecules and proteins and use it to invade cells and hide from the body's immune system....
Towards a sustainable seafood cold chain
Several FAO (UN’s Food and Agriculture Organisation) reports present the figures and challenges of the seafood cold chain.
Chilled & deli food market in Asia-Pacific
The Asia-Pacific chilled & deli food market had total revenues of USD 296,724.7million in 2012.
Global chilled & deli food market
The global chilled & deli food market had total revenues of USD 748,338.7 million in 2012, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.7% between 2008 and 2012.
Chilled & deli food market in Europe
The European chilled & deli food market had total revenues of USD 190,842.5 million in 2012.
Chilled & deli food market in the US
The US chilled & deli food market had total revenues of USD 169,825.8 million in 2012.
Chilled & deli Food market in Japan
The Japanese chilled & deli food market had total revenues of USD 88,366.9 million in 2012, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 0.5% between 2008 and 2012.
“eCO2”, a new high specification carbon dioxide refrigerant
Refrigerant, branded ‘eCO2’, offers sustainable sourcing and lower moisture content than current offerings, distributor claims.
Ohrid 2019: latest technology trends for ammonia and CO2
Synthesis of several refrigerating installation case studies using ammonia and CO2 based on papers from the recent IIR conference in Ohrid.
COVID-19 news in the HVAC&R sector
The IIR reviews the available information on the possible impact of air conditioning on the spread of COVID-19 and the recommendations for the operation and maintenance of HVAC systems. Furthermore, several...
2024: A record-breaking year for global temperatures, surpassing 1.5°C threshold
According to the Copernicus Climate Change Service, 2024 has officially become the warmest year on record, surpassing previous temperature highs and signaling a new phase in global climate change.
Focus on COP 26
The Conference of the Parties (COP) 26 was held in Glasgow (UK) from 31 October to 13 November 2021. Its results, while not seeming spectacular, nevertheless reflect important developments that should be noted,...
IIR news
4 results
Highlight from COP13/MOP36 - Day 1
At a side event during COP13/MOP36 in Bangkok, IIR and Cool Up Programme convened global leaders to address challenges in energy-efficient refrigeration and cooling. Discussions focused on reducing emissions,...
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the IIR, during COP 21
Statement given by Didier Coulomb, Director General of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) during the 21st United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) in Paris (November...
Refrigeration and the IIR in the spotlight at COP 28
The Conference of the Parties on Climate Change took place in Dubai (United Arab Emirates) from 30 November to 13 December 2023. For the first time, refrigeration was given special attention. The IIR shared a...
New in the Encyclopedia: updated GWP values for HFCs
Find all the GWP values over 100 years and 20 years for hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
11 results
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
André Lebon
André Lebon (1859 – 1938). Membre fondateur de l’Association Internationale du Froid puis de l’Institut International du Froid
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
