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IIR document

The chemical looping heat pump: Thermodynamic modeling.

• Author(s) : JAMES N. A., BRAUN J. E., GROLL E. A.
• Publication date: 2019/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Chemistry, Condensation, Modelling, Performance, Heat pump, Thermodynamic property, Loop
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 98
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Simulating the startup and backup operation of next-generation CO2 pumped-loop cooling systems.

• Author(s) : MVIMBI A. P., VERLAAT B., TEIXEIRA D. I., DAVOINE L., ZWALINSKI L., ZIMNY M. Z., PETAGNA P., BHANOT V.
• Publication date: 2024/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Loop, Temperature, Simulation
• Source: 16^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2024). Proceedings. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, August 11-14 2024
• Formats : PDF

Modeling, design, and optimization of loop heat pipes.

• Author(s) : ZHAO Y., WEI M., DAN D.
• Publication date: 2024/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pipe, Modelling, Design, Optimization, Refrigerant, Loop, Review, Nanofluid
• Source: Energies - vol. 17 - n. 16
• Formats : PDF

Closed-loop scheduling for cost minimization in HVAC central plants.

• Author(s) : RISBECK M. J., MARAVELIAS C. T., RAWLINGS J. B., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Operation, Loop, Control (automatic), Prediction, Pressurization, Optimization, Air conditioning
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 4^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Dishwasher modelica model analysis with an external heat loop.

• Author(s) : CASKEY S. L., GROLL E. A.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Household application, Hot water, Loop, Modelling, Energy saving, Heat exchanger
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 5^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation on a loop thermosyphon with three evaporators: Unique startup and oscillation phenomena.

• Author(s) : ZHANG H., SHAO S., XU H., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Flow, Evaporator, Expérimentation, Thermosyphon, Heat transfer, Loop
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 99
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Numerical analysis of a novel household refrigerator with controllable loop thermosyphons.

• Author(s) : CAO J., CHEN C., HU M., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Energy saving, Expérimentation, Modelling, Household refrigerator, Temperature, Thermosyphon, Loop
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 104
• Formats : PDF

Evaluation of optimal chiller plant control algorithms in model-based design platform with hardware-in-the-loop.

• Author(s) : LI P., YUAN S., KANG K., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 4^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study of the moving offset characteristics of multi-loop moving coil linear compressor.

• Author(s) : CHEN H., LIU X., ZOU X., LV Z., LI W., CHEN C.
• Publication date: 2022/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Linear compressor, Coil, Loop, Magnet, Efficiency, Prototype, Modelling
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 133
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Start-up investigation and heat transfer enhancement analysis of a loop thermosyphon with biomimetic honeycomb-channel evaporator.

• Author(s) : ZHANG H., DING J., LIU H., DING T., FENG Y.
• Publication date: 2025/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat transfer, Optimization, Thermosyphon, Loop, Evaporator, Expérimentation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 169
• Formats : PDF

Comprehensive modeling of a chemical looping heat pump with a reverse fuel cell.

• Author(s) : KIM J., BRAUN J. E., GROLL E. A., ZIVIANI D.
• Publication date: 2021/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Loop, Chemical heat pump, Fuel cell, Energy saving, Modelling
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 18^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Techno-economic analysis of chemical looping heat pumps based on the levelized cost of energy.

• Author(s) : KIM J., ZHU M., OH J., BRAUN J. E., GROLL E. A., ZIVIANI D.
• Publication date: 2025/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pump, Loop, Cost, Energy, Energy efficiency, Simulation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 170
• Formats : PDF

Twophase loop thermosiphon coupled with latent heat storage for electronics cooling.

• Author(s) : ALBERTSEN B., SPEERFORCK A.
• Publication date: 2022
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermosyphon, PCM, Latent heat, Electronics, Test rig, Expérimentation, Loop, R1233zd(E)
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 19^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic performance of triple loop heat pump ventilation recovery system.

• Author(s) : MA A., MA G., WANG L., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Temperature difference, Comparison, Loop, Ventilation, Recovery, Air-source system, Heat pump, Testing, COP
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Experimental investigation on the thermal performance of a water-cooled loop thermosyphon system under fan failure conditions.

• Author(s) : ZOU S., ZHANG Q., LING L., WANG J., MA X., DU S., YUE C.
• Publication date: 2021/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Data centre, Fan, Failure, Thermosyphon, Loop, Performance, Expérimentation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 124
• Formats : PDF

“Loophole” in the US HCFC-22 phase-out plan

Five of the leading US air-conditioning manufacturers - Carrier, Daikin/McQuay, Trane, Johnson Controls and Lennox - wrote on August 15, 2011 to the EPA calling for an amendment to the Final Rule published at the end of 2009 which "bans the sale...

• Publication date : 2012/01/12
• Subjects: Regulation

Development of a prototype of Secondary loop Mobile Air Conditioning System

Tata Motor, an Indian car manufacturer, recently signed a partnership with the German automotive supplier Mahle to design and develop a Secondary Loop Mobile Air Conditioning System (SL-MAC).

• Publication date : 2017/09/13

Briefs: Scoop: MooBella

MooBella, a US firm, has launched a high-tech vending machine using computer technology to make ice cream scratch in just 45 seconds. Customers choose from a wide range of combinations, then the ice cream is instantaneously aerated, flavoured and...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Briefs: Ice cream scoops

A new edible antifreeze developed by a US researcher could keep ice cream smooth and tasty by preventing the formation of gritty crystals when the ice cream is subjected to sudden temperature fluctuation. The antifreeze contains proteins similar...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

Briefs: Swiss supermarket chain COOP chooses CO2

COOP has implemented CO2 as refrigerant of choice for low-and medium-temperature applications and aims at becoming CO2 neutral by 2023. The first supermarket has been equipped with a CO2 booster system engineered by Frigo-Consulting AG. A central...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

District cooling in Gulf Cooperation Council countries

The Gulf Cooperation Council is the second largest district cooling market after the Americas with a total installed capacity of 4.1 MN RT (14,500 MW).

• Publication date : 2015/06/11

New advance in cryopreservation could make blood preservation more practical

It’s already possible to cryopreserve human red blood cells in the presence of 40 percent glycerol, but is rarely done because of the time-consuming process to thaw and remove the glycerol from the blood.

• Publication date : 2015/05/12

A British data centre is saving money thanks to thermal optimisation

A leading UK data and telecoms provider claims to have saved over £115,000 (€132,000) in cooling energy costs in a few months.

• Publication date : 2018/01/29

Optimising cold storage to boost antioxidants and anthocyanins in blood oranges

A study by the University of Florida found that storage temperatures ranging from 6 to 12 °C significantly enhance anthocyanin, phenolic content, and antioxidants content in in ‘Budd...

• Publication date : 2024/11/06
• Subjects: Technology

Brief: Cryotemperatures save flooded archives

In February 2010, "Xynthia", a major storm swept over La Rochelle, France. In order to rescue the archives of the "Conseil Général de Charente Maritime" the departmental authority that were covered with 2-metre deep sea water, cryogenic...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Phase-change materials and vacuum-insulation panels for emergency blood

London's Air Ambulance is now using phase-change technology to transport blood on board its aircraft and rapid-response cars.

• Publication date : 2012/06/27

Vietnam reconsiders air conditioner tax amid debate on luxury vs. necessity and environmental impact

The Vietnamese National Assembly Standing Committee debates removing the special consumption tax on air conditioners, arguing they are now essential goods. 

• Publication date : 2025/03/28

The delivery of blood to London hospitals may be impeded by Olympic transport restrictions

The delivery of blood to London hospitals may be impeded by Olympic transport restrictions, a UK delivery firm has warned. TNT Express has emphasized that increased congestion and restrictions on access, parking and delivery times could cause...

• Publication date : 2012/07/05

Briefs: Energy-efficient district cooling in Paris

The chilled-water urban cooling network in Paris, run by Climespace is made up of 6 plants and chilled water storage systems, with a 250 MW total refrigerating capacity and distribution temperatures from 0.5°C-4°C. Two different technical...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Low-GWP alternatives in refrigerated transport

An EPA fact sheet provides full details on alternatives to HFCs: R744, R717, hydrocarbons and HFOs, and describes alternative technologies: cryogenic systems, secondary loop systems, eutectic plates, hermetic and semi-hermetic vapour-compression...

• Publication date : 2012/04/19

Don’t miss your chance to support the IIR Congress 2023!

To ensure the visibility of your entity across the industry on an international level, sponsoring the 26th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration is a must!

• Publication date : 2022/12/13
• Subjects: General information

News from IIR members: Johnson Controls

Johnson Controls and Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman University are beating the record books with York CYK chillers. To construct what is claimed to be the world's largest chiller plant using air-cooled radiators, Johnson Controls is providing 26...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Member news: Carrier Transicold's innovative electrical technologies for refrigerated transport

Carrier Transicold promotes a new all-electric and autonomous cooling system for semi-trailers that completes its 100% electric range. 

• Publication date : 2021/03/29

Activities of the IIR’s Commission A2 on Liquefaction and Separation of Gases

The problems related to thermodynamic optimization and new technologies in liquefaction and separation of gases are actual and critical for many branches of modern industry, power generation and medicine.

• Publication date : 2014/03/07

Rankine 2020 conference highlights opportunities and challenges for the future

The IIR Rankine 2020 – Advances in Heating, Cooling and Power Generation conference was organised by the Institute of Refrigeration UK (IOR) as an ambitious 5-day online event running across July 27-31.  It...

• Publication date : 2020/08/19
• Subjects: Technology

Adapting Refrigeration to a Warming World: Highlights from IIR Adaptation 2025 Conference in Manchester

The first edition of the IIR International Conference on Adapting Refrigeration to Rising Temperatures has just wrapped up in Manchester, UK. Over 120 participants from academia, policy, and industry gathered to...

• Publication date : 2025/08/14
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Activities of IIR’s Commission B2 on “Refrigerating Equipment”

Focus on the IIR's Commission B2

• Publication date : 2017/07/11

News from IIR members: Cemafroid

Cemafroid and the National Centre for Cold chain Development (NCCD) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) within framework of cooperation in the cold-chain field in India.

• Publication date : 2013/05/23

New EU funded project began on October 1st, 2021: “SophiA - Sustainable off-grid solutions for pharmacies and hospitals in Africa”

With a budget of 8 million euros over four years, SophiA will develop containerized solutions for hospitals using natural refrigerants, solar thermal and photovoltaics to enable more and more African people to...

• Publication date : 2021/10/21
• Subjects: Developing country, Technology, Environment, HFCs alternatives

World Ozone Day 2025 - 40 Years of Global Commitment

Join the International Institute for Refrigeration (IIR) in supporting the Ozone Secretariat on World Ozone Day 2025 marking the 40th anniversary of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer....

• Publication date : 2025/09/16
• Subjects: Environment

Happy World Ozone Day!

On behalf of UN Environment Programme (UNEP) OzonAction, it gives us great pleasure to wish you a happy World Ozone Day.

• Publication date : 2020/09/16
• Subjects: Developing country, Environment

CLIM’ECO in Guadeloupe

Focus on the CLIM’ECO workshop that took place in Guadeloupe in January 2022. 

• Publication date : 2022/01/28

Rome declaration: actions already underway!

Following the Rome declaration signed by 76 countries on the need of a sustainable cold chain for food and after signing a new Memorandum of Understanding between UNEP and the IIR in November 2019, a series of actions were undertaken.

• Publication date : 2020/02/05
• Subjects: Developing country

Clim'Eco: the IIR is a partner of this new program, which began this year in Réunion.

This program aims to promote a reasonable use and good maintenance of air conditioning in the French overseas departments.

• Publication date : 2020/10/22

IIR and UNEP OzonAction publish French and Spanish versions of Cold Chain Technology Briefs

Originally published in English, the five Cold Chain Technology Briefs have been translated into two additional languages.

• Publication date : 2020/05/28
• Subjects: Developing country, Technology

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO, HFCs

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

André Lebon

André Lebon (1859 – 1938). Membre fondateur de l’Association Internationale du Froid puis de l’Institut International du Froid

• Last update : 2025/06/17
• Langues : French
• Themes : History of refrigeration

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)