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Produção de cerveja utilizando cevada e maltose de milho comoadjunto de malte: análises físico-química, sensorial e isotópica.

Beer production using barley and corn maltose as malt adjuncts: physicochemical, sensory and isotopic analyses.

• Author(s) : CURI R. A., VENTURINI FILHO W. G., DUCATTI C., et al.
• Publication date: 2008/10
• Languages : Portuguese
• Keywords : Manufacture, Brewery, Cooling, Beer, Physico-chemical property, Process, Barley, Malt
• Source: Braz. J. Food Technol. - vol. 11 - n. 4

IIR document

Application of refrigeration in malt production.

• Author(s) : PROKES J., DOSTALEK P., VESELY J.
• Publication date: 2011/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Germination, Czech Republic, Barley, Malt, Expérimentation
• Source: Proceedings of the 23^rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Prague, Czech Republic, August 21-26, 2011. Overarching theme: Refrigeration for Sustainable Development.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

OPTIMISATION AVEC CALCUL DU COP EN PERMANENCE GRACE AU PANDORE, D'UNE POMPE A CHALEUR A 3 ETAGES, DE 6.000 KILOWATT THERMIQUES POUR LE SECHAGE DE MALT.

MALT DRYING PLANT CONTROL BY CONTINUOUS COP CALCULATION OF A 6,000 KILOWATT 3-STAGE HEAT PUMP, USING A PANDORE MICROCOMPUTER.

• Author(s) : GALIAN F.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Industrial application, Calculation, Automation, Control (automatic), Beer, Drying, Heat pump, Optimization, Microcomputer, Malt, COP
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

Estimation of safe storage periods for malting barley using a model of heat production based on respiration experiments.

• Author(s) : JACOBSEN E. E., FLEURAT-LESSARD F.
• Publication date: 2002/07/22
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Oxygen, Temperature, Respiration, Parameter, Barley, Modelling, Malt, CO2
• Source: Advances in stored product protection. Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection.

Survival of bacterial populations in finished beers and malt drinks of Nigeria at different storage temperatures and pH levels.

• Author(s) : PETTERS H., EKPENYONG E.
• Publication date: 2005/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Beverage, Beer, Bacteria, Survival, Ph, Malt, Nigeria, Cold storage, Storage condition
• Source: Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. - vol. 42 - n. 6

Optimización del ratio potencia total consumida en planta frigorífico con relación a la unidad de producto elaborado/tonelada de Malta, hectolitro de cerveza, etc.

Optimizing the energy consumption in refrigeration plants related to malt, beer, etc. production units.

• Author(s) : ANDUEZA D. J., GARRIDO D. M.
• Publication date: 2007/02
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Energy consumption, Malt house, Brewery, Refrigerating plant
• Source: Frío Calor Aire acondicionado - vol. 34 - n. 389
• Formats : PDF

Evaluation of design features to achieve higher energy efficiency for a modern office building in Malta.

• Author(s) : YOUSIF C., CRISTÓBAL MANCHADO M.
• Publication date: 2013/06/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Clima 2013. 11th REHVA World Congress and 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings.
• Formats : PDF

Renewable energy contribution of air-conditioning heat pumps for the domestic sector in Malta.

• Author(s) : YOUSIF C., RUIZ SANCHEZ C. J.
• Publication date: 2013/06/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Clima 2013. 11th REHVA World Congress and 8th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

LE SYSTEME DE POMPE A CHALEUR DE LA MALTERIE MAUCLAIRE.

THE HEAT PUMP SYSTEM AT THE MAUCLAIRE MALT HOUSE.

• Author(s) : LAINE J. D., CURIS O., VRINAT G.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Industrial application, Malt house, Heat recovery, Beer, Drying, Heat pump, Gas engine, Energy saving, COP
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

Absorptionskältemaschinen in der Praxis: Kälte aus Wärme.

Refrigeration absorption machines in practice: cold obtained using heat.

• Author(s) : SCHÄDLICH S.
• Publication date: 2005/03/04
• Languages : German
• Keywords : Technology, Generality, Malt house, Ammonia-water, Absorption system, Case study, Water-lithium bromide
• Source: CCI.Print - vol. 39 - n. 3
• Formats : PDF

Arrêté du 17 juin 2005 relatif aux prescriptions générales applicables aux installations classées soumises à déclaration sous la rubrique no 2220. Préparation ou conservation de produits alimentaires d'origine végétale par cuisson, appertisation, surgélation, congélation, lyophilisation, déshydratation, torréfaction, etc., à l'exclusion du sucre, de la fécule, du malt, des huiles et des aliments pour le bétail mais y compris les ateliers de maturation de fruits et légumes.

Decree dated June 17, 2005 concerning general conditions applicable to registered plants in conformity under section No. 2220. Preparation or preservation of foodstuffs of vegetable origin by cooking, sterilization, quick freezing, freezing, freeze drying, dehydration, roasting, etc., with the exception of sugar, starch, malt, oils and livestock feed, including ripening plants used for fruits and vegetables.

• Publication date: 2005/07/30
• Languages : French
• Source: J. off. Répub. fr., Lois Décrets - n. 176

Industrial Refrigeration Consensus 2004: environment, application, design. Summary of the Workshop.

• Organiser : DANFOSS
• Publication date: 2004/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigeration, Refrigerating system, Industrial application, Energy consumption, Economy, Management, Malt house, R723, Ammonia, Prediction, Pump, Hydrocarbon, HFC, Transcritical cycle, Refrigerant, Heat exchanger, Plate exchanger, CO2

IIR document

Handbook on Ice Slurries: Fundamentals and Engineering.

• Author(s) : IIF-IIR, KAUFFELD M., KAWAJI M., EGOLF P. W.
• Publication date: 2005
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Two-phase heat carrier, Thermodynamics, Thermal property, Office, Ice slurry, Ice, Generality, Food application, Safety, Economy, Commercial application, Calculation, Building, Manufacture, Malt house, Bibliography, Meat, Transport, Heat transfer, Design, Rheology, Tank, Air cooler, Chilling, Recommendation, Aqueous solution, Physical property, Supermarket, Storage, Tertiary sector, Prediction, Pump, Fish, Optimization, Mine, Mixture, Vegetable, Dairy, Guide, Testing, Crystallization, Crystal, Corrosion, Control (generic), Freezing, Fruit, Secondary refrigerant, Thermal comfort, Air conditioning, Change of phase, Heat exchanger, Plate exchanger, Pressure drop, Thermal energy storage
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A HEAT PUMP FOR BATCH DISTILLATION.

• Author(s) : HODGETT D. L.
• Publication date: 1985/06/19
• Languages : English
• Source: Systems and components for large heat pumps.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

THE OPTIMIZATION OF MULTISTAGE HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS.

• Author(s) : BENSTEAD R.
• Publication date: 1985/06/19
• Languages : English
• Source: Systems and components for large heat pumps.
• Formats : PDF

European Commission warns Italy and Malta on F-gas issues

The EC warned Italy and Malta that they could face legal action if they fail to comply with the F-gas regulation.

• Publication date : 2012/06/05
• Subjects: Regulation

The first LNG freight locomotive in the Baltics

An Estonian company is testing the first LNG-powered locomotive in the Baltic countries. Significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are expected.

• Publication date : 2021/08/23
• Subjects: Technology

Faults and energy consumption of CO2 refrigeration systems in supermarkets

Food products refrigeration accounts for the largest share of energy consumption in supermarkets. In a recent study, the most common faults in supermarket CO2 refrigeration systems were investigated,...

• Publication date : 2021/06/29
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Technology

Doing Cold Smarter

In the recent “Doing Cold Smarter” study leaded by the Birmingham Energy Institute, the authors stress that “even in a temperate country such as Britain, cooling is everywhere, and vital to many aspects of civilization: food, medicine, energy,...

• Publication date : 2016/05/09
• Subjects: Figures, economy, General information

Smallest refrigerant recovery machine

Promax claims it has launched the world’s smallest refrigerant recovery machine, RG3000, said to be half the size of the company’s previous unit, with dimensions similar to those of a loaf of bread and weighing 8kg. It also features a new...

• Publication date : 2011/06/20

World's smallest electronic expansion valve

Danfoss recently presented a small electronic expansion valve, especially used for air conditioners with variable refrigerant flow.

• Publication date : 2020/07/01

Briefs: Antarctic ozone hole smallest in five years

The Antarctica ozone hole is the smallest it has been in 5 years, according to research from Niwa, New Zealand's National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Satellite data combined with ground-base measurements show the hole reached a...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

The need for air conditioning is increasing in the EU

Recent Eurostat figures show an increase in the number of cooling degree days in the EU-27 Member States. This indicates an increase in the need for air conditioning over the last decades.

• Publication date : 2021/05/31
• Subjects: Environment, General information

Sustainable air-conditioning solutions in EU buildings

In a recent briefing note, the European Environment Agency (EEA) discusses sustainable solutions to the growing need for cooling in Europe.

• Publication date : 2022/12/15
• Subjects: General information

The sharp increase in refrigeration needs should be better reflected in public policies

Recently released degree-day indicators confirm the steady progression of cooling needs compared to heating in the EU. Globally, energy consumption from refrigeration (including air...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: Environment

GL2012 highlights: low-charge propane air-conditioning system using small section copper tubes

Propane air conditioner with smaller copper tubes and a smaller (and thus safer) refrigerant charge.

• Publication date : 2012/09/28

A nanoelectronic chip cooled to the world record temperature of 2.8 mK

A group of researchers of the University of Basel succeeded in cooling a nanoelectronic chip to a temperature very close to absolute zero thanks to magnetic cooling.

• Publication date : 2018/03/22

Rare earths for spatial measurements

Researchers from CEA-INAC developed a small cryorefrigerator, replacing liquid helium by a more efficient rare-earths based material.

• Publication date : 2015/05/06

Evaporative cooling experimentations in urban areas

Various researches are currently being conducted to study the impact of evaporative cooling in urban areas.

• Publication date : 2019/10/30
• Subjects: Environment, General information

Alternative refrigerants to high-GWP HFCs

Intensification of international regulations on HFCs such as the Kigali Agreement or the European F-Gas Regulation leads refrigerant manufacturers to search for alternatives to high-GWP HFCs. Focus on some alternatives to R410A and R23.

• Publication date : 2019/06/26
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Download the latest technical papers from the IIR Cryogenics Conference

Held on 8-11 April this year, the 15th IIR Cryogenics Conference welcomed over 120 guests from more than 22 countries.

• Publication date : 2019/07/02

Member news: Koura introduces new refrigerant for air conditioning

Refrigerant manufacturer Koura recently introduced R468C, a refrigerant that could replace R410A in air conditioning systems.  

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

IIR conference papers visible in Scopus!

From Scopus, it is now possible to download the papers of three IIR conferences indexed in Fridoc. Download them!

• Publication date : 2017/01/19

Member news: Mirai Intex ultra-low temperature refrigeration system at the ACHEMA trade show in Germany

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, will present its MC 15 C/W/T closed-cycle refrigeration machine at the ACHEMA trade show in August 2022 in Germany.

• Publication date : 2022/08/16
• Subjects: Technology

News from IIR members: DKV

 New DKV publications:• CD-ROM of Deutschen Kälte-Klima Tagung 2010 in Magdeburg, containing all papers and presentations. Languages: German and English• Special: CD-ROMs from DKV-Tagungen 2002 to 2010 as a...

• Publication date : 2011/05/25

IIR engages in COP13/MOP36 and COP29 to highlight the key role of sustainable refrigeration for all in handling climate change

Two major events in the fight against climate change and protecting the future of our planet, COP13/MOP36 and COP29, are held in October and November. The IIR is taking part in these United Nations conferences...

• Publication date : 2024/10/31
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment, General information

Job opportunities: Sainsbury’s is looking for young graduate engineers.

Sainsbury’s is looking for young graduate engineers: £27,000 (32,500 €) starting salary, six monthly reviews and performance relative bonus.

• Publication date : 2014/02/06

Job opportunities: Sainsbury’s is looking for young graduate engineers.

Sainsbury’s is looking for young graduate engineers: £27,000 (32,500 €) starting salary, six monthly reviews and performance relative bonus.

• Publication date : 2014/05/19

Conference update: Sydney

The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia on, April 12-14, 2010. The conference will place a heavy emphasis on natural refrigerant CO2 as a real alternative solution....

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Initiatives to celebrate World Refrigeration Day

Find out what initiatives are being organised worldwide to celebrate the first World Refrigeration Day on 26 June 2019.

• Publication date : 2019/05/21

EPTA S.P.A. continues to grow in Germany with the acquisition of heifo refrigeration activities

The European expansion of one of the leading companies in commercial refrigeration continues with an increasingly capillary service for its customers in the north of Germany.

• Publication date : 2023/10/02
• Subjects: Technology

New in our Encyclopedia. Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry 

This summary document presents the applications of cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry .

• Publication date : 2023/06/27
• Subjects: Technology

CRH 2015 - China Refrigeration 2015

Continued focus on providing persistent improvement and innovation in the HVAC&R industry. Highlights included a Demonstration Pavilion for cold chain solutions, Ozone2Climate Roadshow & Roundtable, and a side-event covering EU F-gas...

• Publication date : 2015/04/15

Catch up on the IIR Working Group on LCCP evaluation in Chicago

IIR Working Group on Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) evaluation continues to make impressive headway.

• Publication date : 2015/02/11

UNESCO two-day meeting in Paris

The IIR participated in a two-day meeting organised by UN Environment at UNESCO (Paris).

• Publication date : 2018/08/08
• Subjects: Environment, General information

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, HFO et HCFO, Blends

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams