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IIR document

Low temperature thermal radiative properties of gold coated metals.

• Author(s) : FROLEC J., KRÁLÍK T., SRNKA A.
• Publication date: 2017/10
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 82
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of cold coating on emissivity and absorptivity of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

• Author(s) : FROLEC J., KRÁLÍK T., MUSILOVA V., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

Noble nanofluids and their hybrids for heat transfer enrichment: a review and future prospects coverage.

• Author(s) : PEREIRA J., MOITA A., MOREIRA A.
• Publication date: 2023/09
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Sciences - vol. 13 - n. 17
• Formats : PDF

Centrifugal chiller: single-stage or two-stage?

• Publication date: 2014/01
• Languages : English
• Source: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal - vol. 17 - n. 1

PD compression: a quasi-static or dynamic process ?

• Author(s) : HUANG P. X.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 22nd International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Heat pump or CHP - which one is greener ?

• Author(s) : SADR F.
• Publication date: 2014/09
• Languages : English
• Source: REHVA Journal - vol. 51 - n. 5

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

CO2 as a Refrigerant. (Digital or Paper version)

• Author(s) : PEARSON A. B.
• Publication date: 2014/11
• Languages : English
• Formats : Hard copy, PDF

Direct expansion or chilled water. Which is better?

• Author(s) : NALL D. H.
• Publication date: 2016/09
• Languages : English
• Source: ASHRAE Journal - vol. 58 - n. 9

IIR document

Experimental measurements and modelling of vapour−liquid equilibria for four mixtures of 2,3,3,3−tetrafluoropropene (R1234yf) with 1,1,1,2−tetrafluoroethane (R134a) or 1,1−difluoroethane (R152a) or trans−1−chloro−3,3,3−trifluoropropene (R1233zd(E)) or 2−chloro−3,3,3−trifluoropropene (R1233xf).

• Author(s) : EL ABBADI J., COQUELET C., VALTZ A., HOURIEZ C.
• Publication date: 2022/08
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 140
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CO2 or R290 for Supermarket Applications – Pros and Cons.

• Author(s) : RINNE F., PAATZSCH R.
• Publication date: 2019/04/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 8^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, Avril 11-13, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Energy efficiency of a chiller using R410A or R32.

• Author(s) : BELLA B., KAEMMER N., BRIGNOLI R., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 15th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Low GWP refrigerants for commercial or industrial heat pumps.

• Author(s) : KUJAK S., PETERSEN M.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Solar cooling: PV or thermal? A thermodynamic and economical analysis.

• Author(s) : LAZZARIN R. M.
• Publication date: 2014/03
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 39
• Formats : PDF

Cooling of residential buildings in Germany: prospect or dead end?

• Author(s) : MAI R., HARTMANN T.
• Publication date: 2014/01
• Languages : English
• Source: REHVA Journal - vol. 51 - n. 1

IIR document

Heat pump operating with NH3 or CO2 - A comparative study.

• Author(s) : DOBROVICESCU A., SERBAN A., FILIPOIU C., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

MAC: CO2 or HFO-1234yf?

The SAE Alternate Refrigerant Symposium held in Phoenix, USA, on June 10-12, 2008, provided an opportunity for the various stakeholders of the global automotive industry to present their views regarding the next-generation refrigerant in mobile...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Briefs: Open units or with glass doors?

When glass doors are used in refrigeration units, the energy savings are as a rule indicated as being "up to" 40%. Very often these figures are based on experience in a typical climate (25°C and 60% air humidity) with standard opening frequencies...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Out of the ordinary: Oven or fridge?

TMIO has developed a dual oven/refrigerator that is Internet, cell-phone and telephone controlled. The "Intelligent Oven" makes sure that dinner is ready when you are and refrigerates your meal before and even after it is cooked. TMIO has adapted...

• Publication date : 2006/11/15

Instant milk-cooling system utilising propane and either ice slurry or traditional ice bank

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). Two novel milk-cooling concepts have been designed and installed at two Danish farms. These systems have a respective capacity of 14 400 and 16 000 litres of...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

One-third of all food produced is lost or wasted along the food chain

A 2017 FAO report stresses that about 670 million tons of food is lost or wasted in high-income countries, and 630 million tons in low- and middle-income countries.

• Publication date : 2017/06/16

Promising performances for a PCM used in refrigerated transport

British and Chinese scientists collaborated to develop a refrigerated container which can keep the inside temperature between 5 and 12°C for up to 120 hours.

• Publication date : 2019/01/31

Cold chain improvements for the export of Ecuadorian products

The Ministers of Foreign Trade and of Interior agreed on improving the conditions in which the anti-narcotics police check the products in order not to interrupt the cold chain.

• Publication date : 2014/04/18

Household refrigerators: HFO performance as drop-in replacement for R-134a

During the IIR co-sponsored International Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Conference at Purdue in 2012, K.M Karber et al. from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States, presented* the results of a performance test on R1234yf and R1234ze,...

• Publication date : 2013/06/07

Australia: Minimum Energy Performance Standards for commercial refrigeration now in force

As of October 1, 2004, refrigerated display cabinets manufactured in, or imported into, Australia must comply Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) which are set out in AS 1731.14-2003 Refrigerated display cabinets - Minimum energy...

• Publication date : 2004/11/19

Alternative low-GWP refrigerants for transport refrigeration.

Summary of a paper presented during the 12th IIR Gustave Lorentzen conference on Natural refrigerant, available in Fridoc.

• Publication date : 2017/02/08

Use of ejectors for performance improvement in CO2 commercial refrigeration systems

Expansion work recovery by means of a two-phase ejector is an attractive option for improving the efficiency of CO2 commercial refrigeration systems. Transcritical CO2 systems have relatively large throttling loss, meaning that they offer the...

• Publication date : 2016/05/13

World demand for fluorocarbons to rise annually by 3.4% through 2016

According to a recent market report on fluorochemicals by Freedonia, global demand for fluorine containing chemicals is forecast to rise 3.9% per year to 3.5 million tonnes in 2016, valued at USD 19.7 million.

• Publication date : 2012/06/08
• Subjects: Figures, economy

France: operators will have to inform their clients regarding the CO2 impact of each transport operation

Transport accounted for 33.7% of CO2 emissions in France in 2010, making the transport sector a major emitter of greenhouse gases. However, emissions vary according to the distance and the type of transport used. In order to promote the most...

• Publication date : 2012/03/13
• Subjects: Regulation

Improving the energy performance of cold stores

During ICCC2013, J. Evans presented results of surveys and audits which aimed at collecting data on the energy use in various types of cold stores.

• Publication date : 2013/09/27

The ISPM 15 Norm for wood pallets will enter into force March 1, 2005

As of March 1, 2005 , the provisions included in Directive 2004/102/EC will enter into force: the EU will require ISPM-15 compliance on new wood packaging material. Only the entry into force of the provision requiring wood packaging material...

• Publication date : 2005/03/15

New IIR Working Group: whole-body cryotherapy or cryostimulation

During the IIR Science and Technology Council meeting on June 15, 2017, a new IIR Working Group (WG) on “Whole-body cryotherapy or cryostimulation” was officially created.

• Publication date : 2017/07/12

IIR Working Group on whole-body cryotherapy or cryostimulation

A presentation of this IIR Working Group took place during the French Association of Refrigeration (AFF) Orientation Committee in January.

• Publication date : 2018/03/22

Press release: IIR launches new Working Group on “Whole-body cryotherapy or cryostimulation”

During the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) Science and Technology Council meeting on June 15, 2017, a new IIR Working Group on “Whole-body cryotherapy or cryostimulation” was officially created.

• Publication date : 2017/07/26

New IIR Informatory Note on caloric cooling technologies 

IIR’s 50th Informatory Note on refrigeration technologies focuses on three promising alternative solid-state cooling technologies: magnetocaloric, electrocaloric and...

• Publication date : 2022/12/15
• Subjects: Technology

Calls for papers: Natural Working Fluids 2006: 7th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference

Natural Working Fluids 2006: 7th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference will take place on May 29-31, 2006 in Trondheim, Norway, a beautiful cathedral city on a fjord surrounded by forest-clad hills. A call for papers has been launched: the deadlines are...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

New IIR Informatory Note on evaporative cooling

The latest IIR Informatory Note highlights that evaporative cooling is an energy-efficient technology that has many applications in air conditioning but also in short-term food storage. 

• Publication date : 2023/05/27

The 27th IIR Informatory Note on evaporative cooling.

This 27th IIR Informatory Note provides a state of the art of the simple and practical technology that is Evaporative Cooling.

• Publication date : 2015/02/04

Briefs: Information for IIR members

As an IIR Member, commission Member or representative of an IIR member country, you are entitled to receive proceedings of IIR conferences. Please select on line the proceedings you would like to receive in 2007 on the

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

New IIR Informatory Note on non-uniform environment

A non-uniform indoor environment can reconcile the demand for a healthy and comfortable environment and the objective of low carbon emissions. 

• Publication date : 2023/11/28

Upcoming IIR events: Portoroz

The 2nd IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature will take place on April 11- 13, 2007 in Portoroz, Slovenia. Present a paper and register:

• Publication date : 2006/11/15

Upcoming IIR events: Portorosz

The 2nd IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature will take place on April 11- 13, 2007 in Portorosz, Slovenia and follows a very successful initial event held in Montreux, Switzerland in September 2005. Find out...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Call for abstracts now open for the IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2020

Don’t miss the deadline! 14th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2020 invites delegates to submit abstracts

• Publication date : 2019/12/19

Corporate members: news

Founded in 2003, Playcube SARL, a new IIR corporate member based in France, has developed FreezCube, a simple monitoring device which provides useful information related to the safety of frozen foods stored in freezers: FreezCube confirms that the...

• Publication date : 2008/06/05

Member news: Carrier Transicold's innovative electrical technologies for refrigerated transport

Carrier Transicold promotes a new all-electric and autonomous cooling system for semi-trailers that completes its 100% electric range. 

• Publication date : 2021/03/29

Upcoming IIR events: Portoroz

The 2nd IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature will take place on April 11-13, 2007 in Portoroz, Slovenia. Register: www.thermag2007.si Alojz Poredos

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs