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Viscosity of refrigerants and other working fluids from residual entropy scaling.

• Author(s) : BELL I., LAESECKE A.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Working fluid, Viscosity, Measurement, R124, Entropy, Refrigerant
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A residual entropy scaling approach for viscosity of refrigerants, other fluids and their mixtures.

• Author(s) : YANG X., XIAO X., THOL M., RICHTER M., BELL I. H.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Entropy, Mixture, Equation of state, Thermodynamic property, Viscosity, Modelling, Refrigerant
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Safe management of ammonia refrigeration systems.Guidance for the food and drinks industries and other workplaces.

• Author(s) : FSDF (Food Storage and Distribution Federation’s Technical and Safety Committee), British Engineering Services, Institute of Refrigeration
• Publication date: 2016
• Languages : English
• Keywords : United Kingdom, Regulations, Refrigerating system, Food industry, Safety, Maintenance, Ammonia, Guide

IIR document

Condensation heat transfer and two-phase frictional pressure drop in a single minichannel with R1234ze(E) and other refrigerants.

• Author(s) : DEL COL D., BORTOLATO M., AZZOLIN M., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat transfer coefficient, Friction, Measurement, Heat transfer, R1234ze, Refrigerant, Condensation, Heat exchanger, Pressure drop
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 50
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Process cooling CO2 chillers: field experience and performance-cost comparisons with other natural refrigerants and HFC/Os.

• Author(s) : PISANO G.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Natural refrigerant, HFO, Chiller, Ejector, Energy consumption, Energy efficiency, Performance, Process
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Interactions between refrigerant charge and other installation faults on the behavior of a residential heat pump in cooling mode.

• Author(s) : HU Y., YUILL D., ROOHOLGHODOS S. A.
• Publication date: 2021/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Air conditioning, Refrigerant charge, Failure, Split system, Heat pump, Expérimentation, Testing, COP, Cooling capacity
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 18^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic properties of fluorocarbons: simulations and experiment.

• Author(s) : DOUBEK M., VACEK V.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Fluorine, Carbon, Thermodynamic property, Simulation, Expérimentation, Refrigerant
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Numerical analysis of clogging dynamics in micromachined Joule–Thomson coolers.

• Author(s) : CAO H. S., VANAPALLI S., HOLLAND H. J., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/09
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 81
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

An experimental investigation on the effects of the vortex tube material, swirl generator material and the tube length to diameter ratio on vortex tube performance.

• Author(s) : RATTANONGPHISAT W., JANSAWANG S.
• Publication date: 2024/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vortex tube, Ranque-hilsch, Nozzle, Material, Performance, Natural refrigerant, Expérimentation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 165
• Formats : PDF

Thermal characteristics of high-temperature R718 heat pumps with turbo compressor thermal vapor recompression.

• Author(s) : SAREVSKI M. N., SAREVSKI V. N.
• Publication date: 2017/05/05
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 117

IIR document

Analysis of vapor pressure and VLE of HFOs, HCFOs, and their blends with cubic equations of state.

• Author(s) : DI NICOLA G., COCCIA G., PIERANTOZZI M., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vapour pressure, Low GWP, Liquid-vapour, Modelling, HFO, Equation of state, Refrigerant
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Analysis of vapor pressure and VLE of HFOs, HCFOs, and their blends with cubic equations of state.

• Author(s) : DI NICOLA G., COCCIA G., PIERANTOZZI M., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vapour pressure, Low GWP, Liquid-vapour, Modelling, HFO, Equation of state, Refrigerant
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Real operation of an innovative adsorption chiller prototype using water as refrigerant.

• Author(s) : PALOMBA V.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Silica gel, Chiller, Prototype, Adsorption system, Expérimentation, Water
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Dynamic characteristics of an environment-friendly refrigerant: Ammonia-water based TiO2 nanofluids.

• Author(s) : YANG L., JIANG W., CHEN X., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/10
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 82
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study on the viscosity of trifluoroiodomethane (R13I1) with polyol ester and polyvinylether lubricating oils.

• Author(s) : CHEN Y., YANG Z., ZHANG Y., HE H., HU Y.
• Publication date: 2024/02
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 158
• Formats : PDF

Scalp cooling device: prevent hair loss caused by chemotherapy.

Scalp cooling device may help reduce hair loss for women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy.

• Publication date : 2017/02/21

Refrigerant contamination

In its "White Paper: Reports of R134a Contaminated with R40 and Other Refrigerants”, AHRI suggests that in addition to R40 and R22, R142b, R152a, and R12 have also been found mixed with R134a in newly filled refrigerant cylinders marked as...

• Publication date : 2013/06/18

Incidents with fake refrigerants

Incidents involving fake refrigerants have hit the headlines on various occasions recently. The incidents often involve R40 (methyl chloride), a hazardous chemical compound, or other substances.

• Publication date : 2012/08/17

The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) updates its list of low GWP refrigerants

The US EPA has added new lower GWP refrigerants and expanded the acceptable uses of others in its latest changes to the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) programme.

• Publication date : 2017/08/24
• Subjects: Environment, HFCs alternatives

Fake refrigerants cause havoc

A series of reefer explosions could have been caused by impure refrigerants

• Publication date : 2012/03/19

Immersion cooling: a high-performance plant-based fluid

A U.S. food company has created an immersion cooling fluid for data centres made from 90% vegetable oil.

• Publication date : 2022/11/28
• Subjects: Technology

HFO-1234yf news

HFO-1234yf, developed by DuPont and Honeywell as a substitute for HFC-134a in mobile air-conditioning applications in response to EU 2006/40 Directive which bans the use of refrigerants with a GWP higher than 150 in new types of vehicles by...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Commercial refrigeration equipment market in the US

According to a new Freedonia market study, demand for commercial refrigeration equipment in the US is expected to increase 3.1% per year through 2018 to USD 10.7 billion.

• Publication date : 2014/05/20
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Natural refrigerants: a key tool for the future

The IIR's interest in natural refrigerants is relatively longstanding and it is a real pleasure to be able to say that. Companies using refrigerants today are looking more and more to natural refrigerants and governments are finally really seeing...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

US: EPA proposes new alternative automobile AC refrigerants

EPA is proposing to list two refrigerants, HFC-152a and CO2, as acceptable alternatives for motor vehicle air-conditioning systems, provided that the automotive industry complies with the necessary conditions to deploy them in a safe manner. These...

• Publication date : 2007/01/24

ICR 2019: an overview of current refrigeration research (part I)

Presentation of the main scientific and technical topics covered in the papers of the 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration and summary of some of the 14 keynotes.

• Publication date : 2019/09/30
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

R&D topics

In this issue of the Newsletter dedicated to environmental issues, we present several initiatives related to promising refrigeration technologies or applications which have the potential to decrease the environmental impact of refrigeration plants...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Alternative mixtures for R134a

A NIST study identifies 23 non-flammable or slightly flammable mixtures as R134a alternatives in air conditioning.

• Publication date : 2019/08/29

The HCFC phase-out challenge (3)

The decision taken in September 2007 by the signatory countries of the Montreal Protocol to accelerate by 10 years the HCFC phase-out schedule entered into force and became binding to all Parties on May 14, 2008 (see the official notification:

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Briefs: China interested in NH3/CO2 and R-32 as HCFC alternatives

Late April 2010, China took a step in the quest for alternative refrigerants in the context of the HCFC phase-out under the Montreal Protocol (freeze of HCFC production in 2013 and complete phase-out in 2030). Instead of switching to high-GWP...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Highlights from COP13/MOP36 – Day 3

The IIR concluded another successful side event on natural refrigerants at COP13/MOP36. Today's session brought together a diverse group of government representatives, industry leaders, and environmental experts...

• Publication date : 2024/10/30

New publications: The CD-ROM proceedings of the Vicenza IIR Conferences

The CD-ROM proceedings of the Vicenza IIR Conferences on 1) Commercial Refrigeration and 2) Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants are on sale. They comprise 134 papers. Main topics: 1) display cabinets, energy simulation...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

The Mostra Convegno exhibition

In March 2018 the IIR participated in one of the biggest exhibitions on refrigeration technologies, Mostra Convegno, which took place, as always, in Milan.

• Publication date : 2018/04/19

1st IIR International Cold and Sustainability Conference

The 1st IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain held in Cambridge, UK, on March 29-31, 2010 attracted over 150 participants from 22 countries. Academia, public and corporate research centres, public agencies and administrations, and...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

The Centenary in Paris and future events

A joint IIR/French Refrigeration Association (AFF) conference was held in Paris on June 12, 2008 in order to celebrate the centenaries of both organizations. It was combined with the IIR statutory meetings on June 10, 11 and 13 and with various...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Corporate members: news

- During the IIAR's 2008 Ammonia Refrigeration and Conference, the first fundraising event, a golf tournament, was held in order to launch Ammonia Refrigeration Foundation actions. The recently formed foundation will promote charitable,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

IIR Working Party on Refrigerant Charge Reduction in Refrigerating Systems: Join Us!

Suitable design of refrigerating systems has several benefits in terms of limitation of the environmental impact thanks to a reduction in the energy consumption and the limitation of refrigerant emissions. The direct greenhouse effect accounts for...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

The First Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants unveils its programme

The Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) has just released the programme for the Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants to take place in Birmingham from the 2nd to the 5th of September 2018.

• Publication date : 2018/08/02
• Subjects: Regulation

Member news: Mirai Intex releases new high capacity ultra-low temperature refrigeration system

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, has released a new ultra-low temperature (ULT) system based on air-cycle technology, offering high cooling capacity.

• Publication date : 2021/03/09
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Technology

Now available: IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference Papers

Download your copy of the proceedings of the 14th Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants. Over 120 technical papers are available!

• Publication date : 2021/01/19
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

MOPIA joins the REAL Alternatives project

REAL Alternatives, the international programme for low GWP alternatives training for technicians, is delighted to announce that MOPIA, the Manitoba Ozone Protection Industry Association, has joined the...

• Publication date : 2021/03/03
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

IIR International Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants – early bird rate closing soon!

The early bird rate for the 1st IIR International Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants is scheduled to end in a few days. Book today to secure a place at this breakthrough conference !

• Publication date : 2018/06/28

Early bird registration ends April 15 for IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference 2022

Scheduled to take place on June 13-15, 2022, in Trondheim, Norway, the 15th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants will be a conference to remember!

• Publication date : 2022/04/07
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country, Environment

Now available: IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference Papers 2022

Download one or all of the 170 technical papers from the 15th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants!

• Publication date : 2023/05/02
• Subjects: General information

The programme of the IIR conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies is now available

The conference is a leading event in the refrigeration industry and brings together academic and industry experts to discuss the latest advances in refrigeration technology. 

• Publication date : 2023/04/19

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids