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IIR document

Laboratory determination of hazardous R40 concentration in HFC-134a systems, application to intermodal container refrigeration and pacification technique.

• Author(s) : LAWTON A. R., CLARKE P.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Safety, Contamination, Chemical reaction, Aluminium, R40, Testing, Refrigerated container
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Permeability analysis of additively-manufactured wick structures with heat exchanger applications.

• Author(s) : MORROW J., ESPINO MENDEZ C., DERBY M.
• Publication date: 2021/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat exchanger, Heat transfer, Capillary, Performance, Water, R40, Polymer, Permeability, Expérimentation
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 18^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Numerical analysis of heat pumps: Selection of the best fluids for maximizing the coefficient of performance.

• Author(s) : CHABOT A., MATHIEU-POTVIN F.
• Publication date: 2020/04
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 112
• Formats : PDF

Rischi inerenti all'uso di refrigeranti contraffati.

Inherent risks to use counterfeit refrigerants.

• Author(s) : CAVALIER G., LAWTON R.
• Publication date: 2013
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : Safety, Recommendation, R40, Refrigerant, Methyl chloride
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 37 - n. 367
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Counterfeit refrigerant in food transportation sea containers.

• Author(s) : LAWTON A. R., MARSHALL N., CLARKE P.
• Publication date: 2013/04/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Safety, Sea transport, R40, Explosion, Refrigerated container, Refrigerant, Methyl chloride
• Source: 2^nd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Paris, France, April 2-4, 2013.
• Formats : PDF

Riesgo debido a la utilización de refrigerantes fraudulentos. 23° Nota informativa sobre tecnologías de refrigeración.

Risk inherent in the use of counterfeit refrigerants. 23rd Informatory Note on refrigerating technologies.

• Author(s) : CAVALIER G., LAWTON R.
• Publication date: 2013/02
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : R134a, Safety, Counterfeit, Contamination, Recommendation, R40, Explosion, Detection, Refrigerated container, Refrigerant, Accident
• Source: Frío Calor Aire acondicionado - vol. 41 - n. 455
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Risk inherent in the use of counterfeit refrigerants, 23^rd Informatory Note on refrigerating technologies.

• Author(s) : IIF-IIR, CAVALIER G., LAWTON R.
• Publication date: 2012/11
• Languages : English, French
• Keywords : R134a, Safety, Counterfeit, Contamination, Recommendation, R40, Explosion, Detection, Refrigerated container, Refrigerant, Accident
• Source: IIF, Note Inf. Technol. Froid / IIR, Inf. Note Refrig. Technol. / www.iifiir.org - n. 23
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

REFRIGERANT FLUIDS IN THE SATURATED LIQUID STATE: A GENERAL CORRELATION BETWEEN DYNAMIC VISCOSITY AND REDUCED TEMPERATURE.

• Author(s) : LATINI G.
• Publication date: 1987/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Development in refrigeration, refrigeration for development. Proceedings of the XVIIth international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CORRESPONDING STATES TREATMENT OF REFRIGERANTS AND CRYOGENIC FLUIDS.

• Author(s) : SRINIVASAN K., KRISHNA MURTHY M. V.
• Publication date: 1985
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 8 - n. 3
• Formats : PDF

Replacement of R404A in supermarkets

R404A is particularly targeted by the EU F-gas Regulation and many refrigerant producers announced important price rises. Various option can be considered to replace it.

• Publication date : 2017/12/12
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Alternatives to replace R404A for refrigerated transport

With about 5 million refrigerated vehicles operating worldwide, there is active research and development focusing on identifying alternatives to R404A, which is traditionally used in truck and trailer...

• Publication date : 2020/09/04
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Honeywell tests new R404A replacement

Honeywell has been testing a new low-GWP refrigerant as a potential replacement for R404A in hermetically-sealed refrigeration systems

• Publication date : 2014/09/24

Supermarkets: retrofit of refrigerating systems from R404A to R449A

Two examples of retrofitting supermarket refrigerating systems from R404A to R449A.

• Publication date : 2017/08/09
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Refrigerated transport: R452A as a “drop-in” alternative to R404A

Two major transport refrigeration companies recently announced they will offer R452A as an alternative to R404A in their transport refrigeration units.

• Publication date : 2015/08/13
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New low GWP replacement for R404A in hermetically-sealed systems

A new lower GWP replacement for R404A, which blends an HFO and an HFC with a “natural” refrigerant is to be made commercially available next year.

• Publication date : 2015/12/06

Commercial refrigeration: marketing of R471A, a new alternative to R404A

Honeywell recently announced the marketing of R471A, a non-flammable refrigerant with a GWP under 150. It is expected to replace R404A in medium temperature commercial refrigeration...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Consequences of the EU F-Gas Regulation: uncertainty on the future availability of R404A

Anyone installing equipment with R404A now will probably have to retrofit to a lower GWP refrigerant in the next few years.

• Publication date : 2015/04/20
• Subjects: Regulation

US: R134a, R410A and R407C could be banned in chillers from 2025

AHRI and NRDC issue joint letter supporting EPA SNAP proposal to prohibit R134a, R410A and R407C in new chillers from 2025.

• Publication date : 2016/04/06
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Mexichem, DuPont and Honeywell announced new HFO-based alternatives for R404A and R134a

M. Cooper, sales manager for Mexichem, revealed in RAC the manufacturer’s offering for stationary refrigeration would be based on its AC5 refrigerant (R444A) which has been undergoing development as a mobile air-conditioning refrigerant....

• Publication date : 2014/01/31

Challenges related to the adoption of air conditioning in emerging economies by 2040

The authors of a recent article modelled the adoption of air conditioning by 2040 in four emerging economies: Brazil, India, Indonesia, and Mexico. The adoption of AC could increase between two- to sixteen-fold,...

• Publication date : 2021/11/29
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Developing country

HFC recycling could prevent emissions of 18bn tons CO2 eq by 2040

According to an EOS Climate White Paper, only around 10-15% of HFC refrigerants are currently recovered, reclaimed and re-used

• Publication date : 2015/09/25
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Refrigerant contamination

In its "White Paper: Reports of R134a Contaminated with R40 and Other Refrigerants”, AHRI suggests that in addition to R40 and R22, R142b, R152a, and R12 have also been found mixed with R134a in newly filled refrigerant cylinders marked as...

• Publication date : 2013/06/18

Incidents with fake refrigerants

Incidents involving fake refrigerants have hit the headlines on various occasions recently. The incidents often involve R40 (methyl chloride), a hazardous chemical compound, or other substances.

• Publication date : 2012/08/17

A low-GWP cooling system for the Eiffel Tower

The ageing R407C cooling system in the tower’s west pillar has been replaced with an energy efficient system using low GWP R1234ze(E).

• Publication date : 2022/04/04
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Highlights: IIR Cold Chain Conference 2020 Welcomed Over 140 Participants

Offering both on site and online access, the 6th IIR Cold Chain conference was the first ever hybrid IIR conference!

• Publication date : 2020/09/03

IIR member news: Carrier Transicold

Carrier Transicold, major transport refrigeration company, will offer R452A as an optional alternative to R404A.

• Publication date : 2015/04/23
• Subjects: Regulation

New IIR conference on the application of HFO Refrigerants

From September 2 to 5, 2018 in Birmingham (UK), the Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) will host the inaugural IIR International Conference on the application of HFO Refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2017/09/05

IIR Member news: Star Refrigeration installs ammonia chillers in an indoor skiing facility

After 90 years of existence, indoor skiing now uses modern and energy efficient technologies. Star Refrigeration participates in this evolution with its ammonia chillers.

• Publication date : 2018/12/27

The Mostra Convegno exhibition

In March 2018 the IIR participated in one of the biggest exhibitions on refrigeration technologies, Mostra Convegno, which took place, as always, in Milan.

• Publication date : 2018/04/19

IIR member news: Cemafroid, IRSTEA and AFCE

A new study on the containment of refrigerants has been launched with the aim of identifying and promoting best practices in this regard.

• Publication date : 2015/10/07

Meeting: Eurofreeze 2005

The International Workshop Eurofreeze 2005 on Individual Quick Freezing of Foods was held in Sofia (Bulgaria) on January 13-15, 2005. It was organized by the Refrigeration Science and Technology Division of the Technical University of Sofia, with...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Focus on the latest events (November 2019)

Latest news of the exhibition "Froid", and focus on the participation of the IIR in several events such as SARA (Salon of Agriculture and Animal Resources) or SIFA, (interprofessional exhibition of refrigeration and its application).

• Publication date : 2019/11/29

News from IIR members: Sofrigam

Sofrigam has launched a new range of refrigerated pouches designed to secure the transport of vaccines throughout the cold chain right up to the last link, i.e. pharmacists, medical practitioners, nurses and patients. Sizes range from single doses...

• Publication date : 2010/02/18

IC2015 Workshops: An opportunity to join, share and build together

ICR2015: A chance to actively participate in the innovation of refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2015/06/17

News from IIR members: Alfa Laval wins € 6 million energy efficiency order in Kazakhstan

Alfa Laval – a world leader in heat transfer, centrifugal separation and fluid handling – recently won an order to supply Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers to a refinery in Kazakhstan.

• Publication date : 2011/12/14

Brief: A passage to India

Indian Railways have been granted an additional 10 years, until 2020, within which to phase out or convert the use of all CFC-based refrigerants in the air conditioning of their 10 000 coaches in line with the Montreal Protocol requirements. This...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Conference reports: Sydney

The 9th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids was held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. Almost 200 participants from 28 countries were able to gain an insight into this increasingly mature technology. The proceedings...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Highlight from COP13/MOP36 - Day 1

At a side event during COP13/MOP36 in Bangkok, IIR and Cool Up Programme convened global leaders to address challenges in energy-efficient refrigeration and cooling. Discussions focused on reducing emissions,...

• Publication date : 2024/10/28

Highlights from COP13/MOP36 – Day 3

The IIR concluded another successful side event on natural refrigerants at COP13/MOP36. Today's session brought together a diverse group of government representatives, industry leaders, and environmental experts...

• Publication date : 2024/10/30

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers