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Optimal heat source temperature for supercritical organic Rankine cycle.
Application of a heat pump system using untreated urban sewage as a heat source.
Multi-objective optimization of evaporator of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) for low temperature geothermal heat source.
OptiRef: heat pump with two heat sources at different temperature levels.
Combined Power, cooling and desalination using natural refrigerant powered by low-grade heat source.
Development of efficient air-cooling strategies for lithium-ion battery module based on empirical heat source model.
Energy and exergy investigation of a hybrid refrigeration system activated by mid/low-temperature heat source.
IIR document
Influence of two internal irreversibilities on the new thermo-ecological criterion for three-heat-source refrigerators.
Study on a combined absorption heat pump system driven by low temperature heat source.
Development and case study on total optimal control system for heat sources.
Experimental study of the cooling performance of phase change material with discrete heat sources – Continuous and intermittent regimes.
Thermodynamic analysis of a Kalina-based combined cooling and power cycle driven by low-grade heat source.
Experimental study on the effect of heating plate (Heat source) temperature on a new vacuum sublimation - rehydration thawing.
A household dishwasher heated by a heat pump system using an energy storage unit with water as the heat source.
Thermodynamic performance analysis of a combined power cycle using low grade heat source and LNG cold energy.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
139 results
European heat pump market repartition by energy source
Air continues to be the main energy source (more than 85%) used in the European heat pump markets. The aerothermal heat pump segment is dominated by air/air (with heating functionality) and air/water units used for heating and hot water production.
European heat pump market by energy source
Air remains the dominant energy source. Nearly all air source heat pumps are now reversible, being able to provide heating and cooling.
Le marché 2015 des pompes à chaleur en France
According to the AFPAC (French Association for Heat Pumps), 399,657 monosplit and multisplit air-to-air heat pumps were sold in 2015 in France.
Design and operation of district heating and cooling systems supplied by renewable energy sources
A report published by the European Commission analyses 8 efficient district heating and cooling systems in different Member States.
Road to COP28. Extending the temperature range and application for heat pumps
To promote decarbonation, “high temperature heat pumps should be designed using waste heat and renewables as a driving energy, and environmentally friendly working fluids”, according...
5th generation district heating and cooling networks in Europe
A recent generation of district heating and cooling networks is developing in Europe, using low temperature renewable energy heat sources (such as shallow...
IIR Rankine Conference 2020: Which alternative working fluids for ORC systems?
HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins), HCFOs (hydrochlorofluoroolefins) and hydrocarbons were the main alternatives to HFC245fa presented during the IIR Rankine Conference 2020.
An award-winning industrial dairy using an integrated heat pump system
A recent case study examined the energy consumption and system performance of an innovative integrated heat pump system of a dairy located in Norway. This dairy was among the winning projects of the 2019 “Heat...
Energy saving initiatives for cooling in data centres
In January 2021, Europe’s leading cloud and data centre operators signed the Climate Neutral Data Centre Pact, a self-regulatory initiative to become climate neutral by 2030. According to recent studies, free...
Frost detection and defrosting methods: latest advances
A recent Purdue conference paper presents the state of the art regarding methods for retarding the onset of frosting, frost detection techniques and defrosting strategies, including those based on artificial...
The high potential of ground-source heat pumps to decarbonise the European building sector
A potential reduction of 20-40% and 30-50% of energy demand in buildings, for heating and cooling respectively, could be achieved through increased use of geothermal heat pumps.
Heat pump efficiency at low temperatures
A study based on field data shows that heat pumps had significantly higher energy efficiency than oil or gas heating systems, particularly for outdoor temperatures above -10°C.
Efficiency of ground source heat pump systems
Ground source heat pumps (GHSP) have been reported to be more efficient than more widespread air source heat pumps despite higher installation costs. A recent article has reviewed parameters impacting the energy...
For IIR members only
Insight into the recent decline in heat pump sales in Europe
The EHPA reports that heat pump sales in 14 European countries fell by around 5% overall in 2023 compared to 2022.
Next generation of working pairs in absorption heat pumps
The history and latest developments in working pairs for absorption heat pumps were discussed in a recent review article.
IIR news
32 results
IIR member news: Excess heat is the largest untapped energy source
In a whitepaper, IIR Benefactor member Danfoss highlights the vast untapped potential of excess heat as a source of energy.
Heat pumps, the central theme of the recent IIR Congress
An overview of the research carried out in the field of heat pumps, with the aim of achieving greater flexibility and increased energy efficiency, in particular through to the use of thermal energy...
SophiA project: HKA Lab test progress
SophiA HKA (Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences) Lab test is intended to provide a better understanding of the cooling system in in different climate zones.
New IIR Informatory Note on Renewable Energy
The latest IIR Informatory Note stresses that renewable energy sources can be considered practically inexhaustible and are currently the only solution for an ecological transition to clean...
Ever-expanding market research resources at your fingertips
The IIR enhances its market research resources
IIR economic news service: the latest from our market report partners
The IIR has established partnerships with several leading market research companies, as well as with establishments that combine and provide detailed reports and global analytical studies on different sectors of the refrigeration or economic...
Member news: Mirai Intex ultra-low temperature refrigeration system at the ACHEMA trade show in Germany
Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, will present its MC 15 C/W/T closed-cycle refrigeration machine at the ACHEMA trade show in August 2022 in Germany.
IIR website: consult our courses!
The “Services and expertises” section of the IIR website includes a section on courses and training. The courses are among the most downloaded documents in 2022!
Latest news from B-Medical Systems, Epta and GEA, three IIR corporate members
B Medical Systems, a global leader in the vaccine cold chain, is expanding its production capacity due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Epta monitors R290 fridges in cashier-free store in Dubai and GEA provides a...
Discover the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
The IIR is proud to present the newest addition to its portfolio of scientific information products; the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration.
Member news: Latest news from Danfoss
Danfoss is improving its range of electric expansion valves and has started construction of an energy-efficient supermarket.
Obituary: S. Forbes Pearson
Dr S Forbes Pearson, one of the most famous IIR person, passed away. The IIR presents its deepest sympathy and sincerest condolences to his family and relatives.
Member news : Danfoss launches thermostatic expansion valve for CO2
Danfoss has recently launched a thermostatic expansion valve for CO2, based on its TE2 valve. It is suitable for small to medium size remote refrigeration systems such as cold rooms and display...
Discover the 32nd IIR Informatory Note on the “Harmonization of Life Cycle Climate Performance Methodology”
This Informatory Note summarises the LCCP guidelines prepared by the Working Group. It provides recommended assumptions and data sources for different types of units, presents the various existing LCCP tools and outlines usages and limitations of...
Press release: The IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now freely accessible online
Available in 11 languages, the complete version of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now freely accessible online.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
5 results
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
For IIR members only