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IIR document

Study on growth characteristics of TBAB clathrate hydrate using directional solidification method.

• Author(s) : TAKAMURA K., MORIMOTO T., TERAOKA Y., KUMANO H.
• Publication date: 2026/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Expérimentation, Hydrate, PCM, TBAB, Crystal
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 185
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study on growth characteristics of TBAB clathrate hydrate from flowing TBAB solution in a rectangular channel.

• Author(s) : MORIMOTO T., SASAKI R., TERAOKA Y., KUMANO H.
• Publication date: 2025/02
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 170
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

TBAB hydrate slurry based latent heat thermal storage system.

• Author(s) : ZHOU H., INFANTE FERREIRA C.
• Publication date: 2016/05/18
• Languages : English
• Source: 11^th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Proceedings: Karlsruhe, Germany, May 18-20, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigation on adhesion force of TBAB hydrate to cooling copper surface.

• Author(s) : MATSUMOTO K., MURASE M., EHARA K., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/06
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 78
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A novel container refrigeration system based on TBAB hydrate cold storage material.

• Author(s) : LV Y., CHENG W., BAO J., CHEN C., YANG L., YU T., SONG Y., ZHANG L.
• Publication date: 2025/12
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 180
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Preparation and performance of form-stable TBAB hydrate/SiO2 composite PCM for cold energy storage.

• Author(s) : ZOU T., FU W., LIANG X., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/05
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 101
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study on TBAB hydrate nucleating activity of electrode products due to DC voltage application.

• Author(s) : KUMANO H., GOTO H., TOYAMA Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 93
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Heat transfer and flow characteristics during the formation of TBAB hydrate slurry in a coil heat exchanger.

• Author(s) : ZHOU H., VASILESCU C., INFANTE FERREIRA C.
• Publication date: 2016/04
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 64
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Statistical optimization of hydrate formation conditions of TBAB and THF mixture as a cold storage material for air-conditioning system based on response surface methodology.

• Author(s) : MAHMOUDI B., NAEIJI P., VARAMINIAN F., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/09
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 69
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of metal particles on promoting the nucleation of tetra-n-butylammonium semiclathrate hydrate.

• Author(s) : MORIMOTO T., KOGA Y., SUZUKI R., TAKEYA S., INADA T., KUMANO H.
• Publication date: 2021/01
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 121
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic properties of tetra-n-butylammonium 2-ethylbutyrate semiclathrate hydrate for latent heat storage.

• Author(s) : SUGAHARA T., MACHIDA H., MUROMACHI S., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/10
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 106
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Performance of a novel cold thermal storage material in an emulated air conditioning system using different storage strategies.

• Author(s) : WANG X., DENNIS M., JIANG J., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 104
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study on sonocrystallisation of TBAB aqueous solution.

• Author(s) : SONG W., XIAO R., HUANG C., et al.
• Publication date: 2009/06/03
• Languages : English
• Source: 8th Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
• Formats : PDF

Flow assurance of TBAB hydrate slurry in refrigeration system.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : WANG W., LI Y., LIANG D., et al.
• Publication date: 2010/12
• Languages : Chinese
• Source: Journal of Refrigeration - vol. 31 - n. 6
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermal properties of CO2 hydrate in the presence of TBAB.

• Author(s) : LIN W., DELAHAYE A., FOURNAISON L., et al.
• Publication date: 2007/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: ICR 2007. Refrigeration Creates the Future. Proceedings of the 22^nd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

PCM2016 conference: TBAB hydrate slurry based latent heat thermal storage system

Combining latent heat thermal storage with night time generation of TBAB hydrate slurry can significantly reduce the investment cost of systems for cooling purposes.

• Publication date : 2016/07/08

Air conditioning in Russian stadium for Fifa World Cup 2018

The Chinese manufacturer Midea has won the bid to provide central air conditioning systems for seven stadiums in Russia.

• Publication date : 2017/10/04

France: Sales of household refrigerators stabilise in 2025 after two years of setback

According to Gifam, the association of household appliance brands, sales of household refrigerators were virtually identical in 2025 compared to 2024 (-0.8%), a positive result after...

• Publication date : 2026/03/17
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Solar energy improves medical healthcare in sub-Saharan Africa

UNDP develops the Solar for Health project in Zambia and Zimbabwe. More than 400 healthcare centres are now equipped with solar panels and the health products' cold chain is preserved.

• Publication date : 2019/02/28
• Subjects: Developing country

Consequences of the EU F-Gas Regulation: uncertainty on the future availability of R404A

Anyone installing equipment with R404A now will probably have to retrofit to a lower GWP refrigerant in the next few years.

• Publication date : 2015/04/20
• Subjects: Regulation

LNG remains the main driver of global gas demand in 2021-2025

In a recent report, the International Energy Agency (IEA) analyses the massive decline in gas demand in 2020. The covid-19 crisis has affected gas consumption mostly due to lower electricity demand in the...

• Publication date : 2020/09/06
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Cold temperatures, a potential ally against cancer

Exposure to cold temperatures can reduce tumour growth by slowing down the glucose metabolism of cancer cells. 

• Publication date : 2022/09/28
• Subjects: Technology

Brief: WHO

WHO has donated three walk-in vaccine storage cold rooms worth 1.5 million birr (over 140 000 €) to Ethiopia. Two of the 30 m3 cold rooms were installed in Addis Ababa and the other in Mekele. They will be used to store USD 5 million worth of...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Thin Ice: the very first weight loss clothing line

According to its creator, refrigerated clothes 'hacks' human metabolism to trick the body into burning up to 1,000 extra calories a day.

• Publication date : 2015/09/07

Comparison of the nutritional values of fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables

Researchers compared nutritional values between frozen, fresh and fresh-stored fruits and vegetables.

• Publication date : 2017/06/27

Earth-to-air heat exchanger for air conditioning in a Colombian tropical weather

In a recent theoretical study, a passive cooling system using an earth-to-air heat exchanger (EAHE) was modelled for the Colombian tropical weather.

• Publication date : 2021/08/02
• Subjects: Developing country, Technology

The frozen food market in India 2015

The Indian food industry is growing at a Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.1% and is expected to reach USD 300 billion by 2015.

• Publication date : 2015/06/30
• Subjects: Figures, economy

A new efficient and portable electrocaloric cooling device

Researchers with the University of California and SRI International describe a new electrocaloric cooling device and its possible applications.

• Publication date : 2018/05/14

Air conditioner wastewater purified for human consumption

In Ecuador, Panasonic developed ACH20, a filtering system that purifies air conditioner wastewater and makes it fit for human consumption.

• Publication date : 2015/09/03

Edible carrot films display food packaging potential

Barrier properties exhibited by carrot-based edible films demonstrate potential for their use as packaging for a variety of food types, according to recent research from China.

• Publication date : 2011/12/27

Experience the unforgettable in Japan at ICR2015: It’s not just about refrigeration, it’s also about fun!

ICR2015: Discover the plenary speakers, technical tours, and popular tours and activities

• Publication date : 2015/05/06

New in our Encyclopedia. Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs. 

• Publication date : 2023/01/26
• Subjects: General information

India frozen vegetable market

According to a Bonafide Research report published in 2016, frozen vegetables market was 31% of the total frozen food market and is anticipated to increase further.

• Publication date : 2016/07/25

Data Centers at a Crossroads: Energy, Cooling, and Policy Challenges

On 12 May 2026, the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) co-hosted a webinar bringing together international experts to address one of the most pressing challenges at...

• Publication date : 2026/05/15
• Subjects: Technology, Environment, Developing country

IGO meeting

The IIR is an intergovernmental organization based in Paris, like of course several agencies of the United Nations Organization or OECD, but also like other small specialized organizations: the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

HFO 2023: Call for abstracts extended until September 30!

The call for abstracts for the 2023 IIR Conference on HFOs, to be hosted by the Chinese Association of Refrigeration (CAR), has been extended to September 30, 2022!  

• Publication date : 2022/09/08
• Subjects: Technology, Environment, HFCs alternatives

Brief: IOR's Anniversary

Over 900 persons attended the UK Institute of Refrigeration (IOR)'s 106th Anniversary Dinner which was held on February 8, 2006 at Grosvenour House Hotel, London, appropriately in the ballroom, a former ice skating rink. In his speech, the...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

AGRI-COOL kicked off virtually!

On June 17th, 2024, the consortium partners of the new EU project AGRI-COOL, met for the Kick-Off meeting. This online meeting was hosted by the project coordinator Twente University with the participation of the 12 other partners,...

• Publication date : 2024/06/21

Submit your abstracts to the 3rd IIR Conference on HFO Refrigerants and Low GWP Blends

To be organised by the Chinese Association of Refrigeration (CAR), the call for abstracts for the 2023 IIR Conference on HFOs has now been launched. Submit...

• Publication date : 2022/04/25
• Subjects: Technology, Environment, HFCs alternatives

Focus by Didier Coulomb

As we announced in the latest issue of the Newsletter, this special issue on the environment was prepared jointly with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2007 is a very important year for the future of the global environment and the...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Launch of the AGRI-COOL website

The IIR is proud to announce the official launch of the AGRI-COOL website, which will provide a central access point for information on this pioneering project to address the challenges of food security, climate...

• Publication date : 2024/11/26

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

In the previous issue of the Newsletter, I wrote about the conclusions I drew following the 2006 United Nations conferences on ozone depletion and climate change. A recently published important element backs up my conclusions: the Proceedings of...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Best wishes for 2015!

2015 will focus on two major issues: the International Conference on Climate Change taking place in Paris in December 2015 and the overall slowdown of global economic growth. The refrigeration sector will be affected by both events.

• Publication date : 2014/12/29

New IIR conference on the application of HFO Refrigerants

From September 2 to 5, 2018 in Birmingham (UK), the Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) will host the inaugural IIR International Conference on the application of HFO Refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2017/09/05

Discover the 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants”

The 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants” provides a comprehensive introduction to matters such as flammability characteristics, classifications and governing rules such as safety standards and regulations covering the entire...

• Publication date : 2018/02/07

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : HFCs

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, Hydrocarbons

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers