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Progress in low temperature physics. Vol. VIII.

• Author(s) : BREWER D. F.
• Publication date: 1982
• Languages :

IIR document

Measurements of pρTx and specific heat capacity cv for (R290 + R1243zf) binary mixtures at temperatures from (292 to 350) K and pressures up to 11 MPa.

• Author(s) : SHENG B., DONG X., ZHAO Y., LI Z., YAN H., ZHONG Q., WANG J., GONG M., SHEN J.
• Publication date: 2020/04
• Languages :
• Keywords : R290, Propane, R1234zf, Thermodynamic property, Temperature, Pressure, Heat capacity, Expérimentation, Mixture
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 112
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental evaluation of R472B as R23 alternative for ultra-low temperature refrigeration.

• Author(s) : GIMÉNEZ-PRADES P., MAIORINO A., APREA C., NAVARRO-ESBRÍ J., UDROIU C-M., FORÉS-PALANQUES A., MOTA-BABILONI A.
• Publication date: 2025/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low temperature, Medical application, Energy consumption, Low GWP, R23,
• Source: 1^st IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Influence of the indium thermal interface on the heat transfer in mechanical thermal switch at cryogenics temperature and external magnetic field.

• Author(s) : KOLESOV K., MASHIROV A., KUZNETSOV A., ALIEV A., SHAVROV V.
• Publication date: 2024/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Magnetocaloric cooling, Indium, Copper, Thermal switch, Cryostat, Temperature, Expérimentation, Low temperature, Cryogenics, Magnetic field
• Source: 10^th IIR Conference on Caloric Cooling and Applications of Caloric Materials
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study on heat and mass transfer characteristics of 3He-4He at extremely low temperatures in mixing chamber of dilution refrigeration.

• Author(s) : GONG H., MA X., SHANG X., SHAO W., MENG S., CUI Z.
• Publication date: 2024/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat transfer, Mass transfer, Low temperature, Viscosity, Helium 3, Helium 4, Modelling, Dilution, Cryogenics
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 162
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Robust intelligent approaches to predict the CO2 frosting temperature in natural gas mixtures under cryogenic conditions.

• Author(s) : ALIPANAHI E., MORADKHANI M. A., ZOLFAGHARI A., BAYATI B.
• Publication date: 2023/10
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 154
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Analysis of temperature characteristics of cryogenic target based on a directional infrared photothermal-coupling numerical model.

• Author(s) : GUO F., LI Y., LI C.
• Publication date: 2021/10/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryogenics, Temperature, Measurement, Infrared, Capsule, Simulation, Optical fibre
• Source: Cryogenics 2021 online. Proceedings of the 16^th IIR International Conference, October 5-7, 2021.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study on the effect of uneven temperature distribution of horizontal cold surface on 3D ice transparency in vertical ice-making process.

• Author(s) : ZHEN Z., SONG M., ZHU X., DAI X., ZHANG X., ZHANG L.
• Publication date: 2025/09
• Languages :
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 177
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

A complementary VOCs recovery system based on cryogenic condensation and low-temperature adsorption.

• Author(s) : XU H., XU X., CHEN L., GUO J., WANG J.
• Publication date: 2023/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Condensation, Cryogenics, Organic compound, Volatile compound, CO2 emission, Modelling, Adsorption, Low temperature, Recovery
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 153
• Formats : PDF

Energy and exergy analysis for low-temperature refrigeration system for biogas upgrading.

• Author(s) : BASSILA J., TOUBASSY J., CLODIC D., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Gas, Exergy, Energy, Low temperature, Biomass, Cascade system
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effects of geometric structures on the sub-Kelvin porous media heat exchanger.

• Author(s) : SHANG X. S., GONG H., ZENG X., WANG B., CAO H., SHAO W., CUI Z.
• Publication date: 2024/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Dilution, Refrigerator, Heat exchanger, Modelling, Geometry, Low temperature, Cryogenics, Porous medium, Heat transfer
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 160
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Process simulation and analysis of a rotary-vane gas refrigerating machine for cold production in the medium temperatures level.

• Author(s) : KHMELNIUK M., TRANDAFILOV V. V.
• Publication date: 2021/01/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Stirling, Low temperature, Helium, Nitrogen, Methane, Working fluid, Modelling, Design, Simulation, Vane compressor
• Source: 10^th IIR Conference on Compressors and Refrigerants.
• Formats : PDF

Measurement of thermal diffusivity/thermal contact resistance using laser photothermal method at cryogenic temperatures.

• Author(s) : BI D., CHEN H., LIU S., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/01/25
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 111

IIR document

Experimental investigation of low temperature CO2 liquefaction and phase-separation for carbon capture.

• Author(s) : TRAEDAL S., BERSTAD D., STANG J.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Carbon capture, Low temperature, Liquefaction, Separation, Expérimentation, CO2
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

A new cold cooling system using krypton for the future upgrade of the LHC after the long shutdown 4 (LS4).

• Author(s) : CONTIERO L., VERLAAT B., HAFNER A., BANASIAK K., ALLOUCHE Y., PETAGNA P.
• Publication date: 2024/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Krypton, Thermodynamic property, Ejector system, Thermodynamic cycle, Low temperature, Supercritical state, Comparison, Simulation, Modelling
• Source: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research - Section A. - vol. 1064
• Formats : PDF

Brief: Cryotemperatures save flooded archives

In February 2010, "Xynthia", a major storm swept over La Rochelle, France. In order to rescue the archives of the "Conseil Général de Charente Maritime" the departmental authority that were covered with 2-metre deep sea water, cryogenic...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

EFSA publishes scientific opinion on meat cold storage and transportation temperature temperatures

According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), “meat can be transported at temperatures higher than the current maximum of 7°C.”

• Publication date : 2014/04/17

Domestic refrigerator temperatures in Lebanon

A team of researchers from two major Lebanese Universities carried out a survey on the temperatures in domestic refrigerators and published the results in the International Journal of Refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2015/06/26

Monitoring of temperatures

The Commission Regulation (EC) No 37/2005 of 12 January 2005 on the monitoring of temperatures in the means of transport, warehousing and storage of quick-frozen foodstuffs intended for human consumption was published on January 13, 2005 in the...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Higher temperatures for frozen foods?

The British Frozen Food Federation (BFFF) is trying to gather data in order to support slightly higher temperature levels for frozen foods. As of now, foods can only be considered as quick frozen if they are maintained at a temperature of -18°C....

• Publication date : 2007/12/03

Briefs: Higher temperatures for frozen foods?

The British Frozen Food Federation (BFFF) has recently begun talks with the Food ministry, in order to support slightly higher temperature levels for storage of frozen foods. Current food safety regulations state that frozen foods must be stored...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

Brazil: record temperatures in 2023 boost AC sales

In the second half of 2023, hotter-than-average temperatures were recorded in Brazil, boosting AC sales this year. 

• Publication date : 2023/11/28
• Subjects: Figures, economy

China: record temperatures in Beijing increase cooling demand

In June 2023, Beijing recorded its hottest temperatures in 60 years, affecting electricity and cooling demand.

• Publication date : 2023/06/26
• Subjects: General information

Asia: record temperatures in April increase cooling demand

In April 2023, hotter-than-average temperatures have been recorded in Asia, affecting electricity and cooling demand.

• Publication date : 2023/05/15
• Subjects: Developing country, General information

Domestic refrigerator temperatures over the years

A recent article by J. Evans et al. from London South Bank University reports on the changes in domestic refrigerators in the UK based on the last detailed survey carried out in 1991 and on a comparison with more recent figures.

• Publication date : 2014/12/08

Cooling for health: rising temperatures disrupt sleep, health and productivity

According to the 2025 Global Report of the Lancet Countdown and other related research, without adaption, rising temperatures represent a global public health crisis that could result in 546,000 deaths annually...

• Publication date : 2026/04/09
• Subjects: General information, Figures, economy

A must-read in the IJR: a review of storage temperatures for biological material

To improve storage efficiency, the authors of a review article take stock of storage temperatures for biological material (cells, proteins, DNA, etc).

• Publication date : 2024/04/26
• Subjects: Technology

Record low temperatures for more reliable quantum computing

Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and the University of Maryland, USA, have engineered a new type of quantum refrigerator, improving upon the performance of the currently used dilution...

• Publication date : 2025/02/20
• Subjects: Technology

2024: A record-breaking year for global temperatures, surpassing 1.5°C threshold

According to the Copernicus Climate Change Service, 2024 has officially become the warmest year on record, surpassing previous temperature highs and signaling a new phase in global climate change.

• Publication date : 2025/02/06

PCMs to keep superchilled temperatures in consumer packages

Consumer packages may be placed at +15 °C for 25-40 min longer thanks to the PCM

• Publication date : 2014/09/15

Member news: Ultra-low temperatures. NIST creates a more efficient pulse-tube refrigerator prototype

American researchers have created a prototype pulse-tube refrigerator that significantly reduces the time and energy required to reach temperatures close to absolute zero: an exciting advance for the quantum...

• Publication date : 2024/06/27

Adapting to Rising Temperatures: Highlights and Proceedings from the 1st IIR International Adaptation Conference

The 1st IIR International Conference on Refrigeration: Adapting to Rising Temperatures, held from 10–13 August 2025 at the University of Manchester, brought together over 120...

• Publication date : 2025/09/29
• Subjects: Technology

Invitation: IIR Seminar on the "Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries"

The IIR is delighted to invite you to the IIR Seminar on the "Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries” and an IIR Working Group meeting on The Cold Chain in Hot Countries.

• Publication date : 2016/09/21

New IIR Informatory Note on high-temperature heat pumps

IRR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that high-temperature heat pumps are a key technology in the decarbonisation of process industries. 

• Publication date : 2021/10/22

Download the IIR Seminar on the Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries presentations

Recognising the social and economic importance of this issue on a global scale, the IIR organised a seminar on the Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries on October 25, 2016 in Tunis (Tunisia).

• Publication date : 2016/12/13

Member news: Mirai Intex releases new high capacity ultra-low temperature refrigeration system

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, has released a new ultra-low temperature (ULT) system based on air-cycle technology, offering high cooling capacity.

• Publication date : 2021/03/09
• Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives

Member news: Carrier launches a high-temperature heat pump with R290

Carrier introduces its first high-temperature air source heat pump designed for commercial applications, using R290 to enhance efficiency.  

• Publication date : 2025/02/17

Cryogenics and Low-Temperature Physics: New Horizons and Challenges

This Focus written by Ralf Herzog*, President of the IIR’s Cryophysics, Cryoengineering commission (Commission A1) for the Newsletter of the IIR is the third in a series of presentations of the activities and hot research topics handled by the...

• Publication date : 2012/09/21

Member news: Mirai Intex ultra-low temperature refrigeration system at the ACHEMA trade show in Germany

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, will present its MC 15 C/W/T closed-cycle refrigeration machine at the ACHEMA trade show in August 2022 in Germany.

• Publication date : 2022/08/16
• Subjects: Technology

Member news: GEA implements an innovative high-temperature heat pump at a Tiense Suiker production site

GEA has developed a high-temperature industrial heat pump utilising heat recovery, with reduced emissions. 

• Publication date : 2025/03/14

New publications: The CD-ROM proceedings of the 1st IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature

The CD-ROM proceedings of the 1st IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature held in Montreux, Switzerland, are now available. They comprise 4 keynote presentations, 20 papers on materials (gadolinium and its...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Download the latest technical papers from the IIR Cryogenics Conference

Held on 8-11 April this year, the 15th IIR Cryogenics Conference welcomed over 120 guests from more than 22 countries.

• Publication date : 2019/07/02

IIR member news: Linde

Linde claims cryogenic freezing allows cookie manufacturers to produce a more consistent product.

• Publication date : 2015/12/08

Adapting Refrigeration to a Warming World: Highlights from IIR Adaptation 2025 Conference in Manchester

The first edition of the IIR International Conference on Adapting Refrigeration to Rising Temperatures has just wrapped up in Manchester, UK. Over 120 participants from academia, policy, and industry gathered to...

• Publication date : 2025/08/14
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Member news: latest innovations from Mirai Intex

The company Mirai Intex has just marketed a refrigeration machine using air cycle for low temperatures. Mirai Intex also markets a mobile storage solution. 

• Publication date : 2022/03/29

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Ice creams

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, Hydrocarbons

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)