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Progress in low temperature physics. Vol. VIII.

• Author(s) : BREWER D. F.
• Publication date: 1982
• Languages :

IIR document

Measurements of pρTx and specific heat capacity cv for (R290 + R1243zf) binary mixtures at temperatures from (292 to 350) K and pressures up to 11 MPa.

• Author(s) : SHENG B., DONG X., ZHAO Y., LI Z., YAN H., ZHONG Q., WANG J., GONG M., SHEN J.
• Publication date: 2020/04
• Languages :
• Keywords : R290, Propane, R1234zf, Thermodynamic property, Temperature, Pressure, Heat capacity, Expérimentation, Mixture
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 112
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Temperature inversion and heat transport against the temperature drop in two-phase convection of cryogenic helium.

• Author(s) : URBAN P., SCHMORANZER D., HANZELKA P., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Helium, Heat, Temperature variation, Transport, Expérimentation, Cryogenics, Convection
• Source: Cryogenics 2014. Proceedings of the 13^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 7-11, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

Turbulent flows at cryogenic temperatures: a new frontier.

• Author(s) : DONNELLY R. J.
• Publication date: 2013
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Helium 4, Friction, Low temperature, Expérimentation, Turbulent flow, Cryogenics, Convection
• Source: Cold Facts - vol. 29 - n. 3

IIR document

Process simulation and analysis of a rotary-vane gas refrigerating machine for cold production in the medium temperatures level.

• Author(s) : KHMELNIUK M., TRANDAFILOV V. V.
• Publication date: 2021/01/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Stirling, Low temperature, Helium, Nitrogen, Methane, Working fluid, Modelling, Design, Simulation, Vane compressor
• Source: 10^th IIR Conference on Compressors and Refrigerants.
• Formats : PDF

Low temperature thermal conductivity of aluminum alloy 5056.

• Author(s) : BAUDOUY B., FOUR A.
• Publication date: 2014/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal conductivity, Measurement, Low temperature, Aluminium, Alloy
• Source: Cryogenics - vol. 60

Time-temperature integrators as predictive temperature sensors.

• Author(s) : ARIAS-MENDEZ A., VILAS C., ALONSO A. A., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal property, Sensor, Temperature, Time-temperature tolerance, Prediction, Optimization, Temperature integrator, Expérimentation
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 44

IIR document

Low-temperature CO2 capture technologies: applications and potential.

• Author(s) : BERSTAD D., ANANTHARAMAN R., NEKSÅ P.
• Publication date: 2013/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Carbon capture, Low temperature, Storage, Cryogenics, CO2
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 36 - n. 5
• Formats : PDF

Valuation of a new Maillard reaction type time-temperature integrator at various temperatures.

• Author(s) : ROKUGAWA H., FUJIKAWA H.
• Publication date: 2015/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food, Salmonella, Microbiology, Temperature, Time-temperature tolerance, Temperature integrator
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 57

IIR document

Analysis of temperature characteristics of cryogenic target based on a directional infrared photothermal-coupling numerical model.

• Author(s) : GUO F., LI Y., LI C.
• Publication date: 2021/10/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryogenics, Temperature, Measurement, Infrared, Capsule, Simulation, Optical fibre
• Source: Cryogenics 2021 online. Proceedings of the 16^th IIR International Conference, October 5-7, 2021.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Design and testing of low temperature part of an UHV–SPM microscope.

• Author(s) : FROLEC J., VONKA J., HANZELKA P., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low temperature, Liquid helium, Vacuum, Design, Microscopy, Testing
• Source: Cryogenics 2014. Proceedings of the 13^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 7-11, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

Energy and exergy analysis for low-temperature refrigeration system for biogas upgrading.

• Author(s) : BASSILA J., TOUBASSY J., CLODIC D., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Gas, Exergy, Energy, Low temperature, Biomass, Cascade system
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation of low temperature CO2 liquefaction and phase-separation for carbon capture.

• Author(s) : TRAEDAL S., BERSTAD D., STANG J.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Carbon capture, Low temperature, Liquefaction, Separation, Expérimentation, CO2
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Measurement of thermal diffusivity/thermal contact resistance using laser photothermal method at cryogenic temperatures.

• Author(s) : BI D., CHEN H., LIU S., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/01/25
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 111

Fluidi refrigeranti zero-ODP, a basso GWP, per pompe di calore per alte e basse temperature : DR-14,DR-12 e DR-2.

DR-14, DR-12 and DR-2: zero-ODP and low-GWP refrigerants for high or low-temperature heat pumps.

• Author(s) : KONTOMARIS K.
• Publication date: 2014
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : Low temperature, Heat pump, ODP, HFO, High temperature, GWP, Refrigerant
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 38 - n. 375
• Formats : PDF

Brief: Cryotemperatures save flooded archives

In February 2010, "Xynthia", a major storm swept over La Rochelle, France. In order to rescue the archives of the "Conseil Général de Charente Maritime" the departmental authority that were covered with 2-metre deep sea water, cryogenic...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

EFSA publishes scientific opinion on meat cold storage and transportation temperature temperatures

According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), “meat can be transported at temperatures higher than the current maximum of 7°C.”

• Publication date : 2014/04/17

Domestic refrigerator temperatures in Lebanon

A team of researchers from two major Lebanese Universities carried out a survey on the temperatures in domestic refrigerators and published the results in the International Journal of Refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2015/06/26

Monitoring of temperatures

The Commission Regulation (EC) No 37/2005 of 12 January 2005 on the monitoring of temperatures in the means of transport, warehousing and storage of quick-frozen foodstuffs intended for human consumption was published on January 13, 2005 in the...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Higher temperatures for frozen foods?

The British Frozen Food Federation (BFFF) is trying to gather data in order to support slightly higher temperature levels for frozen foods. As of now, foods can only be considered as quick frozen if they are maintained at a temperature of -18°C....

• Publication date : 2007/12/03

Briefs: Higher temperatures for frozen foods?

The British Frozen Food Federation (BFFF) has recently begun talks with the Food ministry, in order to support slightly higher temperature levels for storage of frozen foods. Current food safety regulations state that frozen foods must be stored...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

Domestic refrigerator temperatures over the years

A recent article by J. Evans et al. from London South Bank University reports on the changes in domestic refrigerators in the UK based on the last detailed survey carried out in 1991 and on a comparison with more recent figures.

• Publication date : 2014/12/08

PCMs to keep superchilled temperatures in consumer packages

Consumer packages may be placed at +15 °C for 25-40 min longer thanks to the PCM

• Publication date : 2014/09/15

Higher AC setting temperatures to reduce thermal discomfort and energy demand in warm countries

Using data from four cities in India, Philippines, and Thailand, a recent study found that occupants experience thermal discomfort from unnecessarily low air conditioning (AC) temperature settings. Warmer indoor...

• Publication date : 2020/11/27

An ejector refrigeration system optimised for sub-zero temperatures on fishing vessels

Large amounts of diesel fuel are used to power fishing vessels engines and on-board refrigeration systems. In a recent theoretical study, an energy-efficient sub-zero refrigeration system proposed based on a...

• Publication date : 2021/05/31
• Subjects: Technology

Food cold chain: improving temperature control to reduce loss

Recent review articles provide an update on technologies to monitor temperature in the food cold chain, in order to avoid food loss during transport and...

• Publication date : 2022/04/29
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Technology

Inadequate office temperature may cost the UK economy 15,7bn € annually

A new survey suggests around 2% of office hours are wasted due to the temperature alone, potentially costing the UK economy an estimated €15,7bn annually.

• Publication date : 2014/04/23

Fluctuating temperatures increase E. Coli and Listeria risk in leafy greens

A new study has found that fluctuations in temperature during transportation and retail sale of leafy greens negatively impacts both the product’s quality and microbial safety.

• Publication date : 2014/03/20

In Switzerland, 17% of refrigerated vehicles above temperature regulation

An investigation by Swiss authorities has found that 17% of refrigerated vehicles were providing insufficient cooling of food in Switzerland.

• Publication date : 2015/03/12
• Subjects: Regulation

India tests expose AC inefficiencies at higher temperatures

In India, air conditioners are responsible for peak energy consumption in urban districts.

• Publication date : 2017/01/27
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Invitation: IIR Seminar on the "Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries"

The IIR is delighted to invite you to the IIR Seminar on the "Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries” and an IIR Working Group meeting on The Cold Chain in Hot Countries.

• Publication date : 2016/09/21

New IIR Informatory Note on high-temperature heat pumps

IRR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that high-temperature heat pumps are a key technology in the decarbonisation of process industries. 

• Publication date : 2021/10/22

Download the IIR Seminar on the Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries presentations

Recognising the social and economic importance of this issue on a global scale, the IIR organised a seminar on the Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries on October 25, 2016 in Tunis (Tunisia).

• Publication date : 2016/12/13

Member news: Mirai Intex releases new high capacity ultra-low temperature refrigeration system

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, has released a new ultra-low temperature (ULT) system based on air-cycle technology, offering high cooling capacity.

• Publication date : 2021/03/09
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Technology

Cryogenics and Low-Temperature Physics: New Horizons and Challenges

This Focus written by Ralf Herzog*, President of the IIR’s Cryophysics, Cryoengineering commission (Commission A1) for the Newsletter of the IIR is the third in a series of presentations of the activities and hot research topics handled by the...

• Publication date : 2012/09/21

Member news: Mirai Intex ultra-low temperature refrigeration system at the ACHEMA trade show in Germany

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, will present its MC 15 C/W/T closed-cycle refrigeration machine at the ACHEMA trade show in August 2022 in Germany.

• Publication date : 2022/08/16
• Subjects: Technology

New publications: The CD-ROM proceedings of the 1st IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature

The CD-ROM proceedings of the 1st IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature held in Montreux, Switzerland, are now available. They comprise 4 keynote presentations, 20 papers on materials (gadolinium and its...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Download the latest technical papers from the IIR Cryogenics Conference

Held on 8-11 April this year, the 15th IIR Cryogenics Conference welcomed over 120 guests from more than 22 countries.

• Publication date : 2019/07/02

IIR member news: Linde

Linde claims cryogenic freezing allows cookie manufacturers to produce a more consistent product.

• Publication date : 2015/12/08

Member news: latest innovations from Mirai Intex

The company Mirai Intex has just marketed a refrigeration machine using air cycle for low temperatures. Mirai Intex also markets a mobile storage solution. 

• Publication date : 2022/03/29

IIR Seminar in Tunis brings to the forefront the social and economic strategic importance of the cold chain

Recognising the social and economic importance of this issue on a global scale, the IIR organised a seminar on the Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries on October 25, 2016 in Tunis (Tunisia),...

• Publication date : 2016/12/14

The IIR launches a call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!

All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...

• Publication date : 2020/10/02
• Subjects: General information

Call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!

All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...

• Publication date : 2020/09/28
• Subjects: General information

IIR member news: Linde

BOC, subsidiary company of the Linde Group, launches its innovative technology in refrigerated transport.

• Publication date : 2015/06/17

New in our Encyclopedia. Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs. 

• Publication date : 2023/01/26
• Subjects: General information

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

For IIR members only

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2022/10/12
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2022/06/20
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)