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IIR document

Thermal performance mapping of microchannel active magnetic regenerator under oscillatory fluid flows.

• Author(s) : KAMRAN M. S., AHMAD H. O., QURESHI A. S., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Porosity, Microchannel, Magnetocaloric material, Magnetocaloric cooling, Biot, Temperature variation, Heat transfer, Regenerator, Simulation, Nusselt
• Source: 8^th International Conference on Caloric Cooling (Thermag VIII). Proceedings: Darmstadt, Germany, September 16-20, 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Extending the autonomy time of an icelined solar powered vaccine cooler.

• Author(s) : JENSEN J. K., BUSK C., CORDING C., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vaccine, Ice, Heat transfer coefficient, Cabinet, Biot, Cooling, Modelling, Solar energy, Thermal energy storage
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

A novel analytical method for heat conduction in convectively cooled eccentric cylindrical annuli.

• Author(s) : YILMAZER A., KOCAR C.
• Publication date: 2014/09
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of thermal Sciences - vol. 83

IIR document

FDM for the freezing process of a slab using integral average properties.

• Author(s) : FERREIRA S. R.
• Publication date: 2020/11
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 119
• Formats : PDF

A perturbation model for stratified thermal energy storage tanks.

• Author(s) : VOTYAKOV E. V., BONANOS A. M.
• Publication date: 2014/08
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer - vol. 75

Thermal analysis and design of solid energy storage systems using a modified lumped capacitance method.

• Author(s) : JIAN Y., BAI F., FALCOZ Q., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/01
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 75

IIR document

Study of coating effects on variable profile annular fins when subjected to dehumidifying operating conditions.

• Author(s) : PASHAH S., ZUBAIR S. M., ARIF A. F. M.
• Publication date: 2014/12
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 48
• Formats : PDF

The determination of optimum shapes for fully wet annular fins for maximum efficiency.

• Author(s) : HUANG C. H., CHUNG Y. L.
• Publication date: 2014/12
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 73 - n. 1

Analytical considerations of slip flow and heat transfer through microfoams in mini/microchannels with asymmetric wall heat fluxes.

• Author(s) : XU H. J., ZHAO C. Y., XU Z. G.
• Publication date: 2016/01/25
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 93

Cooling of a sphere by natural convection: the applicability of the lumped capacitance method.

• Author(s) : VIRAG Z., ZIVIC M., KRIZMANIC S.
• Publication date: 2011/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Free convection, Biot, Heat transfer, Cooling, Rayleigh, Sphere, Modelling, Prandtl
• Source: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer - vol. 54 - n. 11-12

IIR document

ETUDE DE LA PROPAGATION ACOUSTIQUE DANS LES MILIEUX POREUX SOUMIS AU GEL -MODELISATION ET EXPERIENCE.

MODELING AND EXPERIMENTATION OF THE ACOUSTIC PROPAGATION IN POROUS MEDIA UNDERGOING FREEZING.

• Author(s) : LECLAIRE P., COHEN-TENOUDJI F., AGUIRRE-PUENTE J.
• Publication date: 1991/08/10
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Measurement, Biot, Sound velocity, Water content, Porous medium, Freezing, Acoustics
• Source: New challenges in refrigeration. Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Congress of Refrigeration, August 10-17, 1991, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Prediction of freezing and thawing times for foods of two-dimensional irregular shape by using a semi-analytical geometric factor.

• Author(s) : HOSSAIN M. M., CLELAND D. J., CLELAND A. C.
• Publication date: 1992
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thawing, Geometry, Food, Calculation, Biot, Thawing time, Modelling, Freezing, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 15 - n. 4
• Formats : PDF

Les conteneurs frigorifiques : innovations technologiques et respect de l'environnement.

Refrigeration containers: technological innovations and environmental friendliness.

• Author(s) : ONO DIT BIOT S.
• Publication date: 2009/07
• Languages : French
• Source: Rev. gén. Froid - vol. 99 - n. 1095

Optimal placement depth for air-ground heat transfer systems.

• Author(s) : STEVENS J. W.
• Publication date: 2004/02
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 24 - n. 2-3

IIR document

Study on heat conduction and design optimization of double-wicked capsule.

• Author(s) : ZHANG L. J., TIAN S. Y.
• Publication date: 1997/09/09
• Languages : English
• Source: International Symposium on Air Conditioning in High Rise Buildings - 1997
• Formats : PDF

Probiotic ice cream to boost oral health for children

A recent Indian study, which was published in the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, used ice cream to test the effectiveness of probiotic bacteria on oral health.

• Publication date : 2015/05/22

Cryogenic biobanking services market in the US

Industry revenue has grown at an annual rate of 15.9% to USD 1 billion for the period 2008-2013.

• Publication date : 2014/03/11

Cryochemistry: chemical reactions accelerated by freezing

Surprisingly, some chemical reactions can be accelerated by freezing. The possible applications of studying such cryoreactions include the food and pharmaceutical cold chain, as well...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Vaccines: a step towards thermostability

Ensilication of the protein molecules of a vaccine against tuberculosis prevents its deterioration by heat.

• Publication date : 2019/10/30
• Subjects: Developing country

Walk with someone else's tendons thanks to cryogenics

A technique of cryopreservation of grafts developed in France in the context of ligament transplantation, allows grafts to be preserved for up to 10 years and to limit the risk of rejection.

• Publication date : 2018/11/22

Refrigeration innovations for the avocado market

The booming global avocado market calls for increasing standards of quality. Refrigeration technologies offer cutting-edge solutions for fruit ripening and seed preservation for future crops.

• Publication date : 2020/10/22

The global freeze-drying equipment market

According to a new market report, the global freeze-drying equipment market was worth USD 15.9 billion in 2012 and is expected to reach USD 30.98 billion by 2019.

• Publication date : 2013/11/08

Spray freeze-drying technique for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products

Some biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines have a short shelf life and must be handled with care. A recent literature review presents the spray freeze-drying technique as an interesting option for optimising the...

• Publication date : 2020/12/14
• Subjects: Technology

The bio-pharma cold chain

According to Pharmaceutical Commerce’s 2016 Biopharma Cold Chain Sourcebook, spending on refrigerated (2–8°C) drugs is growing about 7% annually, or 41% during the 2014–2020 period.

• Publication date : 2016/10/13

Recovery and reproduction of tardigrades frozen for over 30 years

Scientists managed to resuscitate tardigrades and have them reproduce although they had been frozen since 1983!

• Publication date : 2016/08/17

An infographic shows what would happen if all technologies suddenly vanished

The Refrigeration School recently published The Refrigeration Apocalypse, an infographic showing the consequences of a failure of all cooling systems after different periods of time.

• Publication date : 2018/10/18

India’s cold storage market

The cold storage market in India is currently experiencing growth and is expected to be worth USD 8.57 billion by 2020.

• Publication date : 2015/08/09
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Cold chain self-assessment for pharmacists

The cold chain is becoming pharmacy’s new challenge. There are an increasing number of health products to be kept at controlled temperatures and regulatory requirements have been reinforced.

• Publication date : 2013/09/12

Cryogenics 2021 highlights: applications of liquid nitrogen

Cryopreservation of biological materials to favour biodiversity and cooling of superconducting cables to allow transmission of electrical energy with zero resistance are key applications of liquid...

• Publication date : 2022/01/28

Refrigeration technologies help preserve biodiversity

The role of refrigeration in biodiversity protection is illustrated by two examples: the cryopreservation of coral larvae and the use of refrigeration to fight bee colony collapse.

• Publication date : 2019/05/29
• Subjects: General information, Environment

Conference reports: Baotou

The 4th IIR Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration (Thermag IV) took place in Baotou, China, on August 23-28, 2010. Almost 120 attendees participated in this conference and new work closer to the market will be launched (see the Focus).

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Conference update: Baotou

The 4th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag IV) is to take place in Baotou, China, on August 23-27, 2010. Don't miss this fourth cutting-edge event in the series!

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Summer 2021, past events: focus on the last events involving the IIR

Co-sponsored Conferences    More than 80 papers available from the International Sorption Heat Pump Conference...

• Publication date : 2021/09/07

Refrigeration Creates the Future

This is the title of the next Congress of the International Institute of Refrigeration to be held on August 21-26, 2007 in Beijing. It will be a flagship event in more ways than one: - refrigeration meets the needs of humanity and will continue to...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Discover the 30th Informatory Note on Heat-Sensitive Health Products

In this Informatory Note, the IIR has defined the issues and challenges that need to be addressed in order to ensure that reliable cold chains, along the distribution chain of products essential to public health, are put in place.

• Publication date : 2016/01/13

The latest news on refrigeration conferences

Call for abstracts, Early Bird registration, get the latest!

• Publication date : 2015/10/20

Member news: Mirai Intex ultra-low temperature refrigeration system at the ACHEMA trade show in Germany

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, will present its MC 15 C/W/T closed-cycle refrigeration machine at the ACHEMA trade show in August 2022 in Germany.

• Publication date : 2022/08/16
• Subjects: Technology

The long awaited ICR2015 is underway!

Held every four years, this year ICR2015 welcomes 1,011 conference delegates from 55 countries, making it a truly global refrigeration event.

• Publication date : 2015/08/19

The Cold Chain: A logistical challenge at the heart of the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine 

Gérald Cavalier - President of the Science and Technology Council of the International Institute of Refrigeration, President of the French Association of Refrigeration, President of the Cemafroid...

• Publication date : 2020/11/23
• Subjects: General information, Technology

Cryotherapy is going well!

Report of the IIR Deputy Director General, Ina Colombo, on the 3rd IIR Conference on Cold Applications in Life Sciences which was held in St Petersburg in Russia.

• Publication date : 2018/10/18

Activities of the IIR's Commission C1 on Cryobiology and Cryomedicine

Members of the Cryobiology and Cryomedicine Commission (C1) are working hard to reach their 2013-2015 objectives in cryobiology and cryomedicine research; knowledge dissemination; technology transfer and education.

• Publication date : 2013/11/25

The European Union project Cryohub in Beijing

The IIR organised a well-attended CryoHub workshop at the 5th International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain in Beijing on April 7th.

• Publication date : 2018/04/19

New challenges in “Cold Applications in Life Sciences"

Following the 2nd IIR Workshop on "Cold Applications in Life Sciences", Ralf Herzog, President of IIR Section A, has summarized key information in this field, in a new thematic file that you can find on the IIR website.

• Publication date : 2016/10/17

New in our Encyclopedia: cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry

This summary document presents the potential applications of liquid cryogens in the pharmaceutical sector. 

• Publication date : 2022/12/15
• Subjects: Technology

IIR Cryogenics Conference 2025: Call for abstracts to open in May!

Get ready to put pen to paper! The Programme Committee of the 18th IIR Conference on Cryogenics invites authors to submit their abstracts from May 25, 2024 – September 20, 2024.

• Publication date : 2024/03/21
• Subjects: Technology

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)