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Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Inverse cycles. Refrigeration equipment.

• Author(s) : LAZZARIN R.
• Publication date: 2020
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Reversed cycle, Generality, Refrigerating equipment
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A review of reverse Brayton air cycle refrigerators.

• Author(s) : LIU S., MA G., XU S., GONG Y., JIA X., WU G.
• Publication date: 2023/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Air cycle, Thermodynamic cycle, Brayton, Reversed cycle, Heat pump, Review, Household application, Commercial application, Industrial application
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 150
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Stepped pressure cycle. A new approach to Lorenz cycle.

• Author(s) : CAO X., ZHANG C. L., ZHANG Z. Y.
• Publication date: 2017/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Lorentz, R32, Pressure, Expérimentation, Cycle, COP, Refrigerant
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 74
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic investigation of a centrifugal reverse Brayton cycle for refrigeration in air conditioning filed.

• Author(s) : WANG L., LI H., ZHOU J.
• Publication date: 2023/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Brayton, Air cycle, Transcritical cycle, COP, Modelling
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 152
• Formats : PDF

Field testing of a transcritical organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engine coupled with concentrating photovoltaic thermal collectors.

• Author(s) : NIEUWENHUYSE J. van, SKIADOPOULOS A., MANOLAKOS D., LECOMPTE S., PAEPE M. de
• Publication date: 2022/07/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Transcritical cycle, Test rig, Organic Rankine cycle, Solar collector, Expérimentation, Thermodynamic cycle
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 19^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Improvement of Brayton refrigeration air cycle for electroplating wastewater treatment.

• Author(s) : LU J., XIA Y., CHENG Q.
• Publication date: 2023/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Brayton, Thermodynamic cycle, Air cycle, Modelling, Simulation, Waste water, Solar collector
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 155
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Advanced exergy analysis of a Reverse Brayton cycle using air as working fluid for cryogenic purposes.

• Author(s) : RAMÓN SERRANO J., DOLZ V., GÓMEZ-VILANOVA A., LÓPEZ-CARRILLO J. A.
• Publication date: 2024/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Expérimentation, Reversed cycle, Brayton, Test rig, Air cycle, Low GWP, COP, Thermodynamic cycle
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 159
• Formats : PDF

Experimental investigation on organic Rankine cycle in off-design conditions for the development of a fully deterministic simulation model.

• Author(s) : OH J., LEE H.
• Publication date: 2022
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Organic Rankine cycle, Expérimentation, Modelling, Simulation, Performance, Thermodynamic cycle
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 19^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Comparison and validation of one-dimensional models of ejector expansion transcritical carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle.

• Author(s) : YOU C., MICHEL B., REVELLIN R.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ejector system, Transcritical cycle, CO2, R744, Expérimentation, Modelling, Thermodynamic cycle, Performance
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A novel configuration of ejector refrigeration cycle coupled with organic Rankine cycle for transformer and space cooling applications.

• Author(s) : SANAYE S., REFAHI A.
• Publication date: 2020/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ejector, Organic Rankine cycle, Energy, Transformer, Exergy, COP, Modelling, Gas engine
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 115
• Formats : PDF

Thermodynamic analysis of a low-temperature organic Rankine cycle power plant operating at off-design conditions.

• Author(s) : HE Z., ZHANG Y., DONG S., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/02/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Power plant, Organic Rankine cycle, Exergy, Performance, Expérimentation, Thermodynamic cycle, Screw compressor
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 113

IIR document

Thermodynamic performance evaluation of an ejector-enhanced transcritical CO2 parallel compression refrigeration cycle.

• Author(s) : BAI T., SHI R., YU J.
• Publication date: 2023/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R744, CO2, Transcritical cycle, Modelling, Simulation, COP, Performance, Subcooling, Ejector system, Thermodynamic cycle, Thermodynamic property
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 149
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Topside cycles for enhanced geothermal systems with CO2 and hydrocarbons as working fluids.

• Author(s) : DENG H., ANDRESEN T., SKAUGEN G., GLADYSZ P., PAJAK L., SOWIZDZAL A., MIECZNIK M.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamic cycle, Geothermy, Supercritical state, Organic Rankine cycle, Optimization, Modelling, Power plant
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigation on a novel ejector – based regenerative refrigeration cycle utilizing low ejector entrainment ratio.

• Author(s) : REN J., LADD D., ZIVIANI D., GROLL E. A.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ejector system, Modelling, Thermodynamic cycle, Performance
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Optimal heat source temperature for supercritical organic Rankine cycle.

• Author(s) : LIU W., WIELAND C., MEINEL D., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Organic Rankine cycle, Temperature, Heat source, Performance, Optimization, Modelling
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

R1234yf as a working fluid in Organic Rankine Cycle systems

A recent review article presented the use of HFO R1234yf and its mixtures in Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems, namely in applications for waste heat recovery from internal...

• Publication date : 2021/09/07
• Subjects: Technology

Fridge innovations: Bicycle technology

A regular electricity supply is absolutely crucial for the proper operation of refrigerated equipment, but it is not necessarily easy to come by, especially in rural areas or in developing countries. In order to address the problem, the Indian...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

The life cycle of fluorocarbons: case studies

The Climate and Clean Air Coalition has published a guide for policymakers in which  good practices regarding the life cycle of fluorocarbons are discussed. Concrete examples of refrigerant recycling in...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New heat pump life cycle performance assessment tool

The Air-conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Technology Institute (AHRTI) developed a tool to calculate Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP), using Microsoft Excel.

• Publication date : 2012/06/27

India: The challenges of life-cycle refrigerant management

In May 2023, the CEEW published a study examining the current status of refrigerant recovery, recycling, reuse, and destruction in India.

• Publication date : 2023/08/07
• Subjects: Environment

As of 2019, the EU countries will be obliged to collect and recycle up to 85% of refrigerators and freezers

As of 2019, the EU countries will be obliged to collect and recycle up to 85% of refrigerators, freezers and other electrical and electronic equipment following the endorsement of the revised Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)...

• Publication date : 2012/07/02
• Subjects: Regulation

HFC recycling could prevent emissions of 18bn tons CO2 eq by 2040

According to an EOS Climate White Paper, only around 10-15% of HFC refrigerants are currently recovered, reclaimed and re-used

• Publication date : 2015/09/25
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Germany: air-cycle air conditioning systems for high-speed trains

Liebherr provided cold air systems based on an environmentally friendly technology.

• Publication date : 2017/03/27

Recycling could significantly cut down emissions from HFC production

A team of researchers estimated that with 30% of recycled refrigerants in the annual output, CO2 emissions from the production of R134a could be reduced by about a...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: Environment

China: Latest policy measures to tackle end-of-life recycling and disposal of cooling equipment

In 2024, China has implemented several measures to reduce emissions from HFC and HCFC refrigerant recycling and recovery through cooling equipment end-of-life recycling and disposal.

• Publication date : 2024/08/27
• Subjects: Regulation, General information

Refrigerant reclaiming and recycling

Focus on refrigerant reclaiming and recycling in the USA and in Chile.

• Publication date : 2018/03/28

Worldwide refrigerant recycling and recovery

A recent AHRI report reviews and evaluates refrigerant management and recycling programs in seven primary jurisdictions: Australia, Canada, California, the European Union, Japan, the UK and the United States.

• Publication date : 2016/06/07

IIR Rankine Conference 2020: Which alternative working fluids for ORC systems?

HFOs (hydrofluoroolefins), HCFOs (hydrochlorofluoroolefins) and hydrocarbons were the main alternatives to HFC245fa presented during the IIR Rankine Conference 2020.

• Publication date : 2020/09/04
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Refrigerated transport: innovations and challenges for sustainability

Review of the most promising technologies for refrigerated transport: vapour compression systems with natural refrigerants, photovoltaic systems with electrical energy storage,...

• Publication date : 2022/04/29
• Subjects: Technology, HFCs alternatives

Assessment of the environmental impact of domestic refrigerators using LCCP

The environmental impact of domestic refrigerators over their lifetime has been quantified in different configurations (operating cycles, materials, insulation) in a recent IJR article. 

• Publication date : 2021/02/23

IIR website: a new course on inverse cooling cycles

A new course material prepared by Renato Lazzarin has been added to the “Courses and training” section of the IIR web site: “Inverse cycles – Refrigerating Equipment”.

• Publication date : 2019/04/30

IIR Working Group publishes Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance

The Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) provide a harmonised method to calculate the LCCP for all types of stationary air conditioning, heat pumping and refrigeration systems.

• Publication date : 2016/01/27

Discover the 32nd IIR Informatory Note on the “Harmonization of Life Cycle Climate Performance Methodology”

This Informatory Note summarises the LCCP guidelines prepared by the Working Group. It provides recommended assumptions and data sources for different types of units, presents the various existing LCCP tools and outlines usages and limitations of...

• Publication date : 2016/11/09

Member news: Mirai Intex ultra-low temperature refrigeration system at the ACHEMA trade show in Germany

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, will present its MC 15 C/W/T closed-cycle refrigeration machine at the ACHEMA trade show in August 2022 in Germany.

• Publication date : 2022/08/16
• Subjects: Technology

Member news: Mirai Intex releases new high capacity ultra-low temperature refrigeration system

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, has released a new ultra-low temperature (ULT) system based on air-cycle technology, offering high cooling capacity.

• Publication date : 2021/03/09
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Technology

Catch up on the IIR Working Group on LCCP evaluation in Chicago

IIR Working Group on Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) evaluation continues to make impressive headway.

• Publication date : 2015/02/11

Member news: latest innovations from Mirai Intex

The company Mirai Intex has just marketed a refrigeration machine using air cycle for low temperatures. Mirai Intex also markets a mobile storage solution. 

• Publication date : 2022/03/29

Second meeting of the IIR Working Party on LCCP Evaluation in Gaithersburg

The second meeting of the IIR Working Party on Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) Evaluation took place at NIST in Gaithersburg, MD, USA.. The minutes of the meeting and other documents can be consulted on the Web page of the working party. The...

• Publication date : 2012/11/12

New publications

The IIR has issued 3 new publications: - the 20th Informatory Note on Refrigerating Technologies Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature, written by P. Egolf - Chairman of the IIR working party dedicated to this technology - and Ronald...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

Call for abstracts now open! 15th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants

Prospective authors of papers are encouraged to submit 150-200 word abstracts by September 15, 2021.

• Publication date : 2021/07/08
• Subjects: Environment, Technology

Another successful IIR Gustav Lorentzen conference 2016

Dedicated to natural refrigerants, mainly ammonia, carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons, Gustav Lorentzen 2016 was a great success attracting over 270 people and more than 145 papers from leading international researchers and industrialists.

• Publication date : 2016/09/14

Heat pumps, the central theme of the recent IIR Congress

An overview of the research carried out in the field of heat pumps, with the aim of achieving greater flexibility and increased energy efficiency, in particular through to the use of thermal energy...

• Publication date : 2023/10/24

SophiA project: HKA Lab test progress

SophiA HKA (Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences) Lab test is intended to provide a better understanding of the cooling system in in different climate zones.

• Publication date : 2023/10/27

Commission E2: at the forefront of heat pumps and energy recovery

Activities of the IIR’s Commission E2 “Heat Pumps, Energy Recovery”

• Publication date : 2015/07/01

Training and courses: New content available

Since its initial publication, a number of new courses have been added to the IIR refrigeration courses and training repertoire.

• Publication date : 2019/10/21

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids