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IIR document

An improved approach to model compressors, condenser/gas cooler and their control system in refrigeration systems with R404A and R744 based on physical principles.

• Author(s) : SACASAS D., VEGA J., CUEVAS C., BORRAJO R.
• Publication date: 2023/09
• Languages :
• Keywords : Supermarket, R744, R404A, Booster, Compressor, Condenser, Gas cooler, Modelling
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 153
• Formats : PDF

The new F-gas Regulation: detailed guidelines.

• Author(s) : European Heat Pump Association
• Publication date: 2024/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : F-gas (fluorinated gas), Regulations, Europe, Heat pump
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

R4F-GAS reclamation of ultimate waste of fluorinated greenhouse gases.

• Author(s) : GUEGAN L., LUCAS V.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : F-gas (fluorinated gas), Recycling, Recovery, Europe, Low GWP, Azeotropic mixture, Zeotropic mixture, Regulations, Testing
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

F-Gas II regulation and refrigerant emission forecasts in France.

• Author(s) : BARRAULT S., NEMER M.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Gas, France, Comparison, Control (automatic), Prediction, HFC, Leakage, Refrigerant
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Separation of binary mixtures based on helium and heavy inert gases.

• Publication date: 2023/04/25
• Languages :
• Source: Cryogenics 2023. Proceedings of the 17^th IIR International Conference, Dresden, Germany, april 25-28 2023
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Noble gas isotopes as biomarkers.

• Author(s) : ARKHAROV I., NAVASARDYAN E., DOLGOPYATOV D.
• Publication date: 2014/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Imaging, Helium, Gas, Xenon, Resonance, Purification, Neon, Cryogenics
• Source: Cryogenics 2014. Proceedings of the 13^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 7-11, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The exergy analysis of NGE-MR natural gas liquefaction process.

• Author(s) : WANG X., WU J., MENG X., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Exergy, Liquefaction, Optimization, Modelling, Natural gas, Liquefied gas
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Guida area F-Gas: una guida pratica sull’applicazione del nuovo regolamento degli F-gas nel campo della refrigerazione, dell’aria condizionata e delle pompe di calore.

AREA F-Gas Guide: a practical guide on the application of the new F-Gas Regulation to refrigeration, air conditioning & heat pump contractors.

• Publication date: 2014/12
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : Regulations, Refrigerating system, Industrial application, European Union, Commercial application, Recommendation, Heat pump, Guide, F-gas (fluorinated gas), Refrigerant, Air conditioning

IIR document

Low-temperature application adsorption method for separation of rare inert gas isotope mixture.

• Author(s) : KUPRIYANOV M., VERKHOVNY A.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Spectrometry, Low temperature, Adsorption, Separation, Rare gas, Expérimentation
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Utilization of engine exhaust gas in boil-off gas reliquefaction system of a LNG Carrier ship.

• Author(s) : KOCHUNNI S. K., CHOWDHURY K.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Methane carrier, Liquefaction, Brayton, Absorption, Cascade system, Gas engine, Expérimentation, Heat exchanger, Boiling
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Panoramica delle normative che limitano l’uso degli HFC. Focus sulla Regolamentazione Europea sui Gas Fluorurati.

Overview of Regulations Restricting HFC Use, Focus on the EU F-Gas Regulation.

• Author(s) : IIF-IIR, KAUFFELD M.
• Publication date: 2015/01
• Languages : Italian
• Keywords : Regulations, European Union, Review, World, HFC, F-gas (fluorinated gas), Refrigerant
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 39 - n. 385
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A novel approach for operational optimization of multi-stage refrigeration cycles in gas refineries.

• Author(s) : KALANTAR-NEYESTANAKIA H., MAFI M., ASHRAFIZADEH A.
• Publication date: 2017/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Gas, Energy consumption, Liquefaction, Propane, Optimization, Multistage system, Expérimentation, Cycle
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 80
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Plant for natural gas liquefaction using a rotor wave cryogenerator.

• Author(s) : ARKHAROV A., SEMENOV V., MALAKHOV S., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryogenerator, Liquefaction, Rotor, Efficiency, Wave, LNG, Natural gas, Expérimentation
• Source: Cryogenics 2014. Proceedings of the 13^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 7-11, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Plant for natural gas liquefaction with capacity 3000 kg/h.

• Author(s) : KRAKOVSKY B. D., MARTYNOV V. A., POPOV O. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Operation, Liquefier, Liquefaction, Efficiency, Russia, LNG, Natural gas, Control (generic)
• Source: Cryogenics 2014. Proceedings of the 13^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 7-11, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Performance analysis on a novel small-scale autocascade natural gas liquefaction system utilizing a rectifying column.

• Author(s) : SONG Q., WANG H., REN B., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Liquefaction, Simulation, Oil separator, Cascade system, Hydrocarbon, Natural gas, Compressor
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

Appointments: Dana Gas

United Arab Emirates: Mr Rashid Saif Al Jarwan has been appointed General Manager of Dana Gas and Mr Saif Ahmed Al Ghafli is now General Manager of ADGAS.

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Thriving Chinese Gas Market

The Chinese industrial gas market has been growing at a healthy rate for some time and it is believed that China could soon become the world's third largest industrial gas market if this growth is sustainable. This is quite possible: the Chinese...

• Publication date : 2009/01/23

Thriving Chinese Gas Market

The Chinese industrial gas market has been growing at a healthy rate for some time and it is believed that China could soon become the world's third largest industrial gas market if this growth is sustainable. This is quite possible: the Chinese...

• Publication date : 2009/01/23

Briefs: NOAA Greenhouse Gas Index

Researchers at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) developed what they call a "scientifically unambiguous" index, that they say will allow them to track changes in the gases that contribute the most to the warming...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

For IIR members only

New F-Gas rules in effect

The European Commission recently introduced new F-gas rules about labelling, the format for data declaration, and certification. 

• Publication date : 2024/10/07

2011 worldwide industrial gas market: recovery on hold

Growth of the worldwide industrial gas industry in 2010 continued into 2011, but at a decreased rate.

• Publication date : 2012/07/16
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Nestlé Japan’s Himeji factory’s natural gas cogeneration system

Nestlé Japan's Himeji factory's natural gas cogeneration system has won the 9th New Energy Award in recognition of its high degree of innovation. The Himeji plant is used to produce soluble coffee cryogenically and has high energy efficiency (92%,...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

ICR2011 highlights: possibilities for micro-scale natural gas liquefaction

Due to increasing energy demand, interest in micro-scale natural gas liquefaction plants for the exploitation of stranded wells is growing. At ICR2011, a team from Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Italy, presented a paper describing and...

• Publication date : 2012/01/26

Newly introduced Synthetic Greenhouse Gas Levy in New-Zealand

On July 1, 2013 the Synthetic Greenhouse Gas (SGG) Levy entered into force in New Zealand and applies to a range of goods including freezers, fridges and air conditioners.

• Publication date : 2013/08/20

LNG for road transport and gas storage in Australia

LNG is used increasingly as a diesel replacement fuel for heavy vehicles. Trucks that run on LNG require a special cryogenic fuel tank to keep the fuel chilled. LNG is highly compatible with diesel engines and is clean-burning. Its use in...

• Publication date : 2012/05/11

GL2012 highlights: Experience from the Danish regulation on fluorinated gas

In 2001 and 2002, Denmark introduced a national regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases: they were banned for certain purposes and a tax of DKK 100 (around 13 €) per tonne of CO2 equivalents was imposed on the importation of HFC/PFC/SF6....

• Publication date : 2013/02/01
• Subjects: Regulation

Japan: revised Fluorinated gas legislation to encourage rationalised use and proper management of fluorocarbons

The Japanese Cabinet recently approved the “Bill for the Act for Partial Revision of the Act on Ensuring the Implementation of Recovery and Destruction of Fluorocarbons concerning Designated Products.”

• Publication date : 2013/08/29
• Subjects: Regulation

Briefs: Qatargas

Qatargas has just announced that it has signed a sales and purchase agreement to sign 2 million tonnes per annum (mtpa) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) under a 25-year contract to China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC). The LNG will be...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Brief: Kogas

Kogas had hoped to buy an extra 10 liquefied natural gas (LNG) cargoes ahead of the peak-demand winter season but is encountering a tight market. Besides annual supplies under term contracts, Kogas has recently been buying more than 30 LNG cargoes...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Recycling greenhouse gases thanks to cryogenics

A new technology, developed and patented by ABB, enables comprehensive recycling of contaminated sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas by using an energy-efficient cryogenic process.

• Publication date : 2012/10/01

Review of F-gas regulation - IIR contribution

The IIR has responded to the European Commission consultation “Fluorinated greenhouse gases – review of EU rules (2015-20)” which aims to collect opinions and suggestions about the update of the F-gas Regulation...

• Publication date : 2020/09/06
• Subjects: Environment, Regulation, HFCs alternatives

The IIR participated in the EC consultation on the F-gas Regulation

In response to the European Commission (EC) consultation, the IIR sent comments on an EC report on the application, effects and adequacy of the F-gas Regulation.

• Publication date : 2012/02/08
• Subjects: Regulation

The IIR supports operational and economic missions in Madagascar

IIR interventions and recommendations will focus on the mission’s aspects which are related to the food cold chain, including offshore fishery and continental aquaculture among others.

• Publication date : 2016/08/10

Las Vegas

The 8th IEA International Heat Pump Conference (co-sponsored by the IIR) took place in Las Vegas, USA on May 30-June 2, 2005. There were 220 attendees at this very interesting conference on technology that can save energy, both in cooling and...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

2nd International Conference on Industrial Gases

The 2nd International Conference on Industrial Gases was held in Moscow on April 19-20, 2011. Seventy persons from 6 countries attended. The focus was on the scientific and practical value of the presentations for the industrial gas market and...

• Publication date : 2011/08/09

New IIR Informatory Note on Liquefied Natural Gas

The latest IIR Informatory Note stresses that LNG is expected to play a major role in global energy strategies as it has many advantages and helps mitigate global warming when used instead of coal and...

• Publication date : 2023/06/28

IIR member news: Cemafroid's experience in F-Gas certification recognized in Italy

Tecnea, majority shareholder in French company Cemafroid, benefactor member of the IIR, was recently accredited to grant certifications (certificates of competency) via its branch Tecnea Italia.

• Publication date : 2014/08/13
• Subjects: Regulation

Corporate members of the IIR react to the draft revision of the F-Gas (in French)

The AFF, AFCE and Snefcca have communicated their reactions to the draft revision of the F-Gas. Both organisations draw attention to the difficulty of following the recommendations currently...

• Publication date : 2022/08/23
• Subjects: Regulation

Member news: Danfoss is committed to reducing food waste

The Salling Group and Danfoss are working with Microsoft to reduce food waste and energy consumption in retail refrigeration. 

• Publication date : 2023/02/17
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Activities of the IIR’s Commission A2 on Liquefaction and Separation of Gases

The problems related to thermodynamic optimization and new technologies in liquefaction and separation of gases are actual and critical for many branches of modern industry, power generation and medicine.

• Publication date : 2014/03/07

Obituary: Klaas Visser

The IIR was deeply saddened to learn that Klaas Visser passed away last July.

• Publication date : 2023/09/22

Obituary: Prof. A. H. C. van Paassen

Prof. A. H. C. van Paassen, Emeritus Professor in the section Energy Technology at the Faculty Design, Construction and Production of the Delft University of Technology (The Netherlands), died on June 30, 2009, at the age of 68. He taught courses...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

ASHRAE winter meeting and French refrigeration greetings ceremony

The IIR presented two papers at the ASHRAE Winter Meeting seminars and participated in the "Refrigeration Greetings event" organised by the French association of refrigeration (AFF) on 27...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28

A renewed board and ambition for the French Association of Refrigeration (AFF)

Gérald Cavalier, Director of Cemafroid, took over from Patrick Antoine as head of this century old association

• Publication date : 2013/11/13

The IIR and the ASHRAE establish new definitions of five keywords in the refrigeration sector

For over a year, a group of experts from the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) have been working together to establish common definitions of...

• Publication date : 2019/03/18

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO