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Current techniques and the future of lung preservation.

• Author(s) : LAUTNER L. J., FREED D. H., NAGENDRAN J., ACKER J. P.
• Publication date: 2020/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Lung, Preservation, Cryopreservation, Cryoprotectant, Organ, Review, Medicine
• Source: Cryobiology - vol. 94
• Formats : PDF

Indoor pollution control: an overview.

• Author(s) : DESHPANDE R.
• Publication date: 2014/01
• Languages : English
• Source: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal - vol. 17 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Noble gas isotopes as biomarkers.

• Author(s) : ARKHAROV I., NAVASARDYAN E., DOLGOPYATOV D.
• Publication date: 2014/04/07
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2014. Proceedings of the 13^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 7-11, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

Cryogenic 3D printing of super soft hydrogels.

• Author(s) : TAN Z., PARISI C., DI SILVIO L., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/11/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Nature Scientific Reports

Review of fractal heat exchangers.

• Author(s) : HUANG Z. W., HWANG Y. H., AUTE V., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CRYOSURGERY IN LUNG CANCER.

• Author(s) : XIE D. Y., QIU J. J., LI S. C.
• Publication date: 1981/06/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cancer, Tumour, Lung, Cryosurgery
• Source: Cryosurgery and medical applications of refrigeration: current situation and perspectives.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CRYOSURGERY AND ANAEROBIC CORYNEBACTERIUM VACCINE TREATMENT IN DISSEMINATED LUNG CANCER.

• Author(s) : XIE D. Y.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cancer, Lung, Cryosurgery
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Biological effects of cryotherapy and chemotherapy on human lung cancer.

• Author(s) : FOREST V., CAMPOS L., GUYOTAT D., et al.
• Publication date: 2007/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryotherapy, Cancer, Lung
• Source: ICR 2007. Refrigeration Creates the Future. Proceedings of the 22^nd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

The application of cryosurgery in the treatment of lung cancer.

• Author(s) : MAIWAND M. O., EVANS J. M., BEESON J. E.
• Publication date: 2004/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cancer, Lung, Expérimentation, Cryosurgery
• Source: Cryobiology - vol. 48 - n. 1

Impact of percutaneous cryotherapy on survival of advanced lung cancer with or without chemotherapy.

• Author(s) : NIU L. Z., XU K. Q., MU F., et al.
• Publication date: 2010/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryotherapy, Cancer, Survival, Lung
• Source: Low Temperature Medicine - vol. 36 - n. 2
• Formats : PDF

CT-imaging and pathological features of percutaneous cryosurgery on normal lung evaluated in a porcine model.

• Author(s) : NIU L., WANG J., CHIU D., et al.
• Publication date: 2010/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cancer, Lung, Expérimentation, Cryosurgery
• Source: Low Temperature Medicine - vol. 36 - n. 2
• Formats : PDF

On the freezing function of vital organs using a cryoprobe as heat source.

• Author(s) : KAWAMURA M., IZUMI Y., TSUKADA N., et al.
• Publication date: 2008/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Joule-Thomson, Cryoprobe, Comparison, Cancer, Tissue, Modelling, Lung, Expérimentation, Cryofreezing, Cryosurgery
• Source: Low Temperature Medicine - vol. 34 - n. 2
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CRYOMEDICINE IN CHINA TODAY.

• Author(s) : ZHANG S. Y.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : English
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Cryogenic safety requirements.

• Author(s) : JELINEK J.
• Publication date: 1998/05/12
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics '98. Proceedings of the Fifth Cryogenics Conference.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Ammonia-water absorption heat pumps with membrane absorber.

• Author(s) : GHIASI C., MARTÍ-CALATAYUD M. C., WEIMER T., et al.
• Publication date: 2009/05/07
• Languages : English
• Source: 3^th Conference on Ammonia Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, May 7-9, 2009.
• Formats : PDF

Heating and cooling ceilings

The upcoming translation of European Directive 2002/91/EC on improving energy efficiency in buildings into EU national legislation in January 2006 calls for a clear improvement in the energy efficiency of cooling and heating systems. In view of...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

New solar-cooling technology for cooling-freezing

Refrigeration is often based on compressor technology which consumes electricity. A recently developed system making it possible to achieve relatively low temperatures solely using solar energy has been designed by PROMES, a laboratory working...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

District cooling: Copenhagen, home of the largest absorption chiller cooling

A recent report by the City of Copenhagen, home of the largest absorption chiller cooling, network gives a glimpse of its district cooling system which uses seawater and surplus heat from the district heating network (through absorption cooling...

• Publication date : 2013/03/18

The cooling industry awards 2004: celebrating excellence in environmentally friendlier cooling

The very first Cooling Industry Awards was organized by Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (RAC) magazine on September 15, 2004. It proved to be a success as nearly 400 RAC professionals from across the industry and major end-users were present....

• Publication date : 2004/11/19

Europe: renewable cooling could provide close to 100% of cooling demand

A recent study performed by the German Öko-Institut e.V. on behalf of NL Agency of the Netherlands and funded by the Dutch government, claims that at least 50% of the cooling demand in Europe could be covered by renewable energy applications by 2050.

• Publication date : 2012/09/10

New magnetic nanocooling technology decreases the environmental impact of cooling and avoids side effects of magnetic fields on electronics

Researchers from the University of Cambridge, UK, and CICnanoGUNE in Spain have developed new cooling technology for the thermal management of computer chips and other miniaturized devices. It utilizes materials that change temperature when...

• Publication date : 2013/08/19

Cryogenics and 3D-printing techniques could allow the replication of human tissues

A team of researchers from Imperial College London have developed a new technique which could allow the replication of human brain and lung tissue and regenerate damaged parts.

• Publication date : 2018/03/22

For IIR members only

Global cooling pledge progress: COP29 marks key milestones in sustainable cooling initiatives

Following COP28's Global Cooling Pledge, ministers and leaders from over 30 nations convened at COP29 to map out the path forward for sustainable cooling.

• Publication date : 2024/12/11
• Subjects: General information

Mine cooling

Cooling the world's deepest single-shaft mine: cooling Anglogold Mponeng gold mine in Gauteng, South Africa, is a challenge - the mine is 3.68 km deep and without cooling, temperatures can reach 60°C at the mine face. Six 3.5 MW Eco-Vim...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Nano-cooling

A reversible air-cooling and dehumidification system operating without refrigerant gases developed by Dais Analytic and undergoing beta testing is projected to reduce energy use and CO2 emissions by over 50%, to have Seasonal Energy Efficiency...

• Publication date : 2011/07/01

Brief: cooling newborns

A recent study demonstrated that cooling newborns having suffered from oxygen deprivation helps prevent brain damage. Medically induced hypothermia reduced the risk of death by 13% and the risk of cerebral palsy by 11%.

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Berry efficient chilling

The storage and transport of berries has come a long way since they were transported by an iced horse cart in 1843. Today, growers in the Pajaro Valley from the Berry Bowl label are breaking in a brand new USD 2 million state-of-the-art flash...

• Publication date : 2005/09/30

PZT: electric cooling

A new material has been developed by a team of Cambridge scientists that turns cold at the press of a button. They have found a ceramic material that has a giant electrocaloric effect; 100 times larger than that seen in the 1960s when this...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Data centre cooling

Data processing environments were estimated in 2006 to consume about 1.5% of the total electricity in the US. Data centre power consumption has roughly doubled in the last 5 years and is expected to double again in the next 5 years to more than...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Supercooling the LHC

CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the new research instrument of the world's elementary particle physics community. This discovery-making machine will explore the structure of matter and basic forces of nature on a scale never attained before....

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

International events: Wellington

A 1-day celebration of the IIR's centenary took place in Wellington, New Zealand, on October 14, 2008. Papers on the past, present and future of refrigeration technology and industry were presented. Don Cleland, Head of Section C of the IIR's...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

Green Cooling Initiative

The IIR has joined the Green Cooling Initiative.

• Publication date : 2024/02/26

Find the content of the IIR website in all languages!

Did you know ? Most Internet browsers have built-in translation tools. The IIR explains how to do this, so that you can read its content in all languages! 

• Publication date : 2023/03/27

The IIR supports the Global Cooling Pledge

The IIR and several of its corporate members support this historic commitment signed during COP28.

• Publication date : 2024/01/26
• Subjects: Environment

Philippe Lebrun to be awarded the Kamerlingh Onnes Medal of Honour

The Kamerlingh Onnes Medal of Honour will be presented to Dr Philippe Lebrun of CERN during the 10th-IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids to be held in Delft, the Netherlands on June 25-27, 2012.

• Publication date : 2012/05/16

Cryogenics and Low-Temperature Physics: New Horizons and Challenges

This Focus written by Ralf Herzog*, President of the IIR’s Cryophysics, Cryoengineering commission (Commission A1) for the Newsletter of the IIR is the third in a series of presentations of the activities and hot research topics handled by the...

• Publication date : 2012/09/21

IIR working party on magnetic cooling: new Web site

The very active IIR working party on magnetic cooling, chaired by Peter Egolf, launched a new Web site (www.mcwp.ch). On this Web site, managed by Marc Diebold and linked to the IIR Web site, you will find news on...

• Publication date : 2007/04/25

IIR Working Party on “Energy Labelling in the Cold Chain”

The Terms of Reference of the new IIR Working Party (WP) "Energy labelling in the cold chain" have been approved. The main objective of this WP - chaired by Prof. Giovanni Cortella, Italy, and involving Commissions D1 and D2 - is to investigate...

• Publication date : 2008/05/16

Cooling Keeps Food Fresh : Global Campaign Announced for World Refrigeration Day, June 26

Since 2019, June 26 celebrates the World Refrigeration Day. With increasing global stakes at hand over the past years, refrigeration took a leading role at the heart of international...

• Publication date : 2022/05/25
• Subjects: Environment

Cooling Matters: World Refrigeration Day Announces 2022 Theme

Celebrated on and around June 26 each year, World Refrigeration Day aims to raise awareness among the wider public about the importance of refrigeration technologies in everyday life.

• Publication date : 2022/03/10
• Subjects: General information, Technology, Environment

Special issue of the International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR) on boiling and condensation of refrigerants

A landmark special issue of the International Journal of Refrigeration (IJR) on boiling and condensation of refrigerants has just been published.

• Publication date : 2013/03/29

Call for abstracts ends October 10: LNG2023, “Fuelling a Secure Energy Future”

LNG2023 is the largest and most significant global LNG industry conference and exhibition, occurring once every three years!

• Publication date : 2022/09/27
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Cooling data centres: A major economic challenge

Larger data centres can use a staggering amount of energy just to ensure the day-to-day running of electronic equipment. As a result, these data centres can produce a great deal of heat, which require large-scale cooling systems in order to...

• Publication date : 2017/03/29

Submit your abstracts to the 3rd IIR Conference on HFO Refrigerants and Low GWP Blends

To be organised by the Chinese Association of Refrigeration (CAR), the call for abstracts for the 2023 IIR Conference on HFOs has now been launched. Submit...

• Publication date : 2022/04/25
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Technology, Environment

Supercooling and superchilling: A solution to increased shelf life and reduced food waste?

If these technologies were combined with perfusion chilling for meat and fish, then additional benefits such as rapid cooling, low weight loss and novel products could result.

• Publication date : 2015/10/27

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables