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Research on frequency conversion technology of metro station's ventilation and air-conditioning system.

• Author(s) : YANG Z., YU Z., YU L., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CFD, Metro, Ventilation, Energy saving, Retrofitting, Frequency, Air conditioning
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 69 - n. 1-2

Modeling and optimization of a refrigeration system for metro train air-conditioning.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : YANG L., GAO J., ZHANG C.
• Publication date: 2014/12
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : R410A, China, Metro, Performance, Case study, Energy efficiency, Refrigerant, Mobile air conditioning
• Source: Journal of Refrigeration - vol. 35 - n. 160
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Heat from Underground Energy London (Heat FUEL).

• Author(s) : LAGOEIRO H. R. P., CURRY D., FAULKS G., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : United Kingdom, Metro, Heat recovery, Heat pump, Case study, Cost, District heating, Waste heat, Heat exchanger
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

High efficient desiccant coated heat exchanger based heat pump for rail transport decarbonization.

• Author(s) : SHAO Z., WANG Z. G., GE T. S., WANG R. Z.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

RECUPERATION DE CHALEUR SUR L'AIR EXTRAIT DU METRO.

HEAT RECOVERY OF AIR EXTRACTED FROM THE METRO.

• Author(s) : GABAY D.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : French
• Keywords : France, Metro, Ventilation, Heat recovery, Air-water, Sport, Heat pump, Hospital, Energy saving
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Application prospects of environmental-friendly refrigerants instead of HCFCs in metro vehicles with a view to developing urban mass transit in China.

• Author(s) : LONG J.
• Publication date: 2002/09/17
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, R407C, China, Metro, Optimization, Refrigerant, Air conditioning
• Formats : PDF

Wentylacja i klimatyzacja w metrze.

Ventilation and air conditioning in underground train systems.

• Author(s) : KAISER K.
• Publication date: 2012/06
• Languages : Polish
• Keywords : Fire, Metro, Ventilation, Rail transport, Design, Air conditioning
• Source: Technika Chlodnicza i Klimatyzacyjna - vol. 19 - n. 6-7
• Formats : PDF

Les systèmes de CVC dans les trains et les métros.

HVAC systems in trains and underground trains.

• Author(s) : TREMBLAY G.
• Publication date: 2008/09
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Canada, Metro, Rail vehicle, Ventilation, Rail transport, Air conditioning, Heating
• Source: Climapresse - vol. 15 - n. 5

Discussion on the characteristics of the air-conditioning load in an underground railway station.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : HE S.
• Publication date: 2007/08
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Station, Heat balance, Calculation, Metro, Air conditioning
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 37 - n. 201
• Formats : PDF

Analysis and estimation of air conditioning loads in underground railway.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : ZHONG X. C.
• Publication date: 2006/06
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Heat balance, Metro, Ventilation, Rail transport, Underground, Air conditioning
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 36 - n. 186
• Formats : PDF

Application of underfloor air distribution to management and equipment rooms of underground railway stations.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : SU H.
• Publication date: 2008/01
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Floor, Metro, Machine room, Air conditioning, Air distribution
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 38 - n. 207
• Formats : PDF

Numerical studies on ventilation modes in underground railway tunnel fire.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : ZHOU X., ZHAO X., DING Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2006/08
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Extraction, Metro, Ventilation, Tunnel, Simulation, Modelling, Smoke, Air conditioning
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 36 - n. 188
• Formats : PDF

Ventilation demand in a subway train.

• Author(s) : BONG C., KIM S., LEE J., et al.
• Publication date: 1999/08/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Metro, Ventilation, Passenger transport, Control (automatic), Air quality, Air, Flow rate, Air conditioning

IIR document

Evaluation of an underground railway carriage operating with a sustainable groundwater cooling system.

• Author(s) : MAIDMENT G. G., MISSENDEN J. F.
• Publication date: 2002/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : United Kingdom, Metro, Tunnel, Passenger transport, Design, Air conditioning, Underground water
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 25 - n. 5
• Formats : PDF

Eiszeit im Münchner U-Bahn Tunnel.

Ground freezing in extensions of the Munich underground.

• Author(s) : SELMER K.
• Publication date: 2005/11/16
• Languages : German
• Keywords : Metro, Tunnel, Ammonia, Ground, Cascade system, Refrigerating plant, Case study, Construction, Freezing, CO2
• Source: DKV-Tagungsbericht 2005, Würzburg./ 2005 Proceedings of the DKV Conference, Würzburg.

Metro is extending RFID to cases and cartons

German retailer Metro is planning to start applying radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, with improved performance and capability, to cartons and cases in the fourth quarter of 2005. Metro and its industry partners, including Kraft Foods,...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Briefs: 1905: St Michel station the Parisian Métro

Today, freezing is widely used in tunnel construction. However, it was recent technology in 1905 when line No. 4 of the Parisian Métro system was under construction. This was the first line built under the Seine and the works proved difficult...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Briefs: 1905: St Michel station the Parisian Métro

Today, freezing is widely used in tunnel construction. However, it was recent technology in 1905 when line No. 4 of the Parisian Métro system was under construction. This was the first line built under the Seine and the works proved difficult...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Geothermy to heat and cool metro in Nagpur, India.

The Maharashtra Metro Rail Company Limited (Maha-metro) has decided to use geothermal AC system to reduce operating costs by 10 to 15 %.

• Publication date : 2018/06/11
• Subjects: Developing country

New NIST screening method for refrigerants

Researchers from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed a computational method to identify candidate low-GWP refrigerant fluids. The method identified 1234 promising low-GWP chemicals among 56 203 considered.

• Publication date : 2012/11/20

A novel method for frost detection

Frost growth on the evaporator coils of a refrigeration plant can dramatically reduce its efficiency. A novel indirect detection method that would avoid frost built-up has been developed.

• Publication date : 2020/02/06

Frost detection and defrosting methods: latest advances

A recent Purdue conference paper presents the state of the art regarding methods for retarding the onset of frosting, frost detection techniques and defrosting strategies, including those based on artificial...

• Publication date : 2023/02/21

Efficient cooling methods to reduce heat stress in pigs

Microclimate parameters such as air temperature and humidity are important indicators of animal welfare. Besides, heat stress is more detrimental to productivity in the swine...

• Publication date : 2020/10/22
• Subjects: Technology

European Commission adopts new calculation methodology for renewable cooling

The European Commission has adopted a new calculation methodology in which the renewable share of cooling depends on energy performance. This should serve as an incentive for the...

• Publication date : 2022/01/10
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

New cryogenic methods to control indoor air pollution

The journal Science of the Total Environment will publish in February 2019 an article exploring the capacity of cryogenic technologies to tackle indoor air pollution.

• Publication date : 2018/12/27

Frost mitigation methods for heat pumps and refrigeration systems

Frost growth is an important issue since defrosting can represent up to 30% of the total energy consumption of refrigerated display cabinets. Review of the various frost mitigation technologies and latest...

• Publication date : 2021/12/15
• Subjects: Technology

Comparison of oxygen liquefaction methods for use on the surface of Mars

An article published in Cryogenics reviews the various methods by which oxygen (used with methane as a propellant for ascent from the planet's surface) could be liquefied and stored on the surface of Mars.

• Publication date : 2018/04/19

PCM2016 highlights: The supercooled water method: a promising technique for ice slurry generation

The following summary refers to a paper presented during the 11th Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (PCM2016) IIR conference which took place on May 18-20 in Karlsruhe, Germany. This paper can be downloaded...

• Publication date : 2016/09/14

100th anniversary of psychrometrics

The formula which underpins the relationship between temperature, humidity and dew point - the basis of all air conditioning calculations - marks its 100th anniversary.

• Publication date : 2011/12/28

IIR member news: EPEE Gapometer

EPEE, benefactor member of the IIR, is currently developing a tool to support the implementation of the European Union F-Gas Regulation

• Publication date : 2017/09/26
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Regulation

Discover the 32nd IIR Informatory Note on the “Harmonization of Life Cycle Climate Performance Methodology”

This Informatory Note summarises the LCCP guidelines prepared by the Working Group. It provides recommended assumptions and data sources for different types of units, presents the various existing LCCP tools and outlines usages and limitations of...

• Publication date : 2016/11/09

Conference programme now available for ICCC 2022

In addition to three keynote sessions, the event will gather over 50 presentations, three workshops and several coffee lounges discussions looking at new ways to tackle questions around sustainability and the...

• Publication date : 2022/03/24
• Subjects: Developing country, General information

The IIR with the World Bank in West Bengal

The IIR is a key partner in the World Bank’s project on the Inland Waterways Transport (IWT) integration into the cold chain in West Bengal 

• Publication date : 2021/09/07

The IIR is taking part in standardization work for TTIIs in France

Gérald Cavalier, President of Section D of the IIR’s Science and Technology Council was appointed President of the new E18A Commission of AFNOR (Association Française de Normalisation, the French Standardization Agency): “Cold chain control -...

• Publication date : 2012/08/22

Call for abstracts now open: Cryogenics Conference 2021

The Programme Committee of the 16th IIR Conference on Cryogenics kindly invites authors to submit their abstracts by February 10, 2021!

• Publication date : 2020/12/14
• Subjects: Technology

News from IIR members: AFF

2es Journées - Chaîne du froid des produits de santé (2nd Symposium on the cold chain and medicines) is to be held in Lyons, France, on November 24-25, 2010. Organized by the French Refrigeration Association (AFF) and SFSTP (French Society...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

IGO meeting

The IIR is an intergovernmental organization based in Paris, like of course several agencies of the United Nations Organization or OECD, but also like other small specialized organizations: the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Download the latest technical papers from the IIR Cryogenics Conference

Held on 8-11 April this year, the 15th IIR Cryogenics Conference welcomed over 120 guests from more than 22 countries.

• Publication date : 2019/07/02

ICCC 2020: The most important international cold chain event of the year!

Register today to the IIR Cold Chain Conference 2020. A biennial event of the IIR, the ICCC conference series is recognised worldwide as a cutting-edge event on the cold chain.

• Publication date : 2019/12/30

We are hiring an Information Specialist Intern (in French)

L’IIF contribue depuis 1908 à la collecte et à la diffusion de l’information scientifique et technique dans tous les domaines du froid. Pour renforcer son Département de...

• Publication date : 2024/08/13

ENOUGH – a new project that will identify how food industry can become net zero by 2050

The project will develop technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU’s farm to fork Strategy to achieve climate neutrality in the food industry.

• Publication date : 2021/10/29

IIR Working Group publishes Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance

The Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) provide a harmonised method to calculate the LCCP for all types of stationary air conditioning, heat pumping and refrigeration systems.

• Publication date : 2016/01/27

EU project ENOUGH offers PhD scholarship at CNR-ITC in Padova (Italy)

A PhD scholarship will be offered as part of the Horizon 2020 project ENOUGH. The European project will aim to provide technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU Farm to Fork strategy to achieve...

• Publication date : 2022/02/15
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Conferences: Prague

CryoPrague brought together Cryogenics (one of a series of IIR conferences), ICEC 21 (International Cryogenic Engineering Conference 21) and the International Cryogenic Material Conference (ICMC 2006) for the first time in July 2006. CryoPrague...

• Publication date : 2006/11/14

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction