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Influence of surface functionalities on ethanol adsorption characteristics in activated carbons for adsorption heat pumps.

• Author(s) : KIL H. S., KIM T., HATA K., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/11
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 72 - n. 2

IIR document

Effect of freezing rate and storage on the texture and quality parameters of strawberry and green bean frozen in home type freezer.

• Author(s) : BULUT M., BAYER O., KIRTIL E., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/04
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 88
• Formats : PDF

Etat de l’art en supraconductivité appliquée.

• Author(s) : TIXADOR P.
• Publication date: 2014/09
• Languages : French
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - vol. 103 - n. 1146

IIR document

Phase-change-material nanoemulsions for energy transport and storage.

• Author(s) : KAWAJI M.
• Publication date: 2018/05/21
• Languages : English
• Source: 12^th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Proceedings: Orford, Canada, May 21-23, 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Direct contact ultrasound assisted freezing of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): growth and size distribution of ice crystals.

• Author(s) : ISLAM N., ZHANG M., FANG Z., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/09
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 57
• Formats : PDF

Assessing the Gel Quality and Storage Properties of Hypophythalmalmichthys molitrix Surimi Gel Prepared with Epigallocatechin Gallate Subject to Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles.

• Author(s) : TIAN Z., JIANG X., XIAO N., ZHANG Q., SHI W., GUO Q.
• Publication date: 2022/06
• Languages : English
• Source: Foods - vol. 11 - n. 11
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effects of immersion freezing methods on water holding capacity, ice crystals and water migration in grass carp during frozen storage.

• Author(s) : DIAO Y., CHENG X., WANG L., XIA W.
• Publication date: 2021/11
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 131
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effects of different thawing methods on quality of unfrozen meats.

• Author(s) : GAN S., ZHANG M., MUJUMDAR A. S., JIANG Q.
• Publication date: 2022/02
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 134
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

On the operating temperature of superconducting magnets cooled by superfluid helium.

• Author(s) : LEBRUN P., TAVIAN L., WEELDEREN R. van
• Publication date: 2014/04/07
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2014. Proceedings of the 13^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 7-11, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

ON SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET SYSTEMS FOR NMR IMAGING.

• Author(s) : GOTTVALD A., JELINEK J., STARCUK Z.
• Publication date: 1986/09/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Superconducting magnet, Imaging, Cryostat, Cryobiology, NMR, Cryocooler
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

1H-NMR INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FREEZE TEXTURIZATION OF FISH MEAT.

• Author(s) : BEIER C.
• Publication date: 1990/09/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Mince, Texture, NMR, Physical property, Fish, Freezing
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

FREEZING CURVE BY BROAD-LINE PULSED NMR AND FREEZE-DRYING.

• Author(s) : NAGASHIMA N., SUZUKI E. I.
• Publication date: 1985/05/20
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vapour pressure, Freeze-drying, Coffee, Measurement, NMR, Solution, Freezing-thawing, Unfreezable water
• Source: Fundamentals and Applications of Freeze-Drying to Biological Materials, Drugs and Foodstuffs.
• Formats : PDF

Field stability of a 600 MHz NMR magnet in the driven-mode.

[In Japanese. / En japonais.]

• Author(s) : OTSUKA A., KIYOSHI T., MATSUMOTO S., et al.
• Publication date: 2008
• Languages : Japanese
• Keywords : Superconduction, Magnet, NMR, High temperature superconductor, Stability, Expérimentation, Cryocooler, Cryogenics, Magnetic field
• Source: Journal of the Cryogenic Society of Japan - vol. 43 - n. 7

Development and testing of superfluid-cooled 900 MHz NMR magnet.

• Author(s) : NAGAI H., SATO A., KIYOSHI T., et al.
• Publication date: 2001/09
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics - vol. 41 - n. 9

MR-guided percutaneous cryosurgery: novel minimally invasive therapy in combination with imaging and freezing.

[In Japanese. / En japonais.]

• Author(s) : MOGAMI T., HARADA J.
• Publication date: 2006/02
• Languages : Japanese
• Keywords : Tumour, NMR, Cryosurgery
• Source: Refrigeration - vol. 81 - n. 940

Out of the ordinary: incredible sun glacier leaf will use Sahara sun and humidity to make ice

There’s more than one way to use the sun, and nothing proves this better than Ap Verheggen’s incredible SunGlacier Leaf. This solar-powered leaf has the potential to create a lot of ice and water – in the middle of the Sahara. The 200 m²...

• Publication date : 2012/02/21

Increasing pressure on HFCs

Policy-makers worldwide are increasing pressure to reduce HFC use.

• Publication date : 2011/12/05
• Subjects: Regulation

Out of ordinary

Residents of Harbin, China, are not daunted by their long, cold winters. Instead they celebrate by holding the Harbin Snow and Ice Festival. Organized annually since 1985, the festival draws over a million tourists every winter. Teams of sculptors...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

US increasing food waste

Food waste contributes to excess consumption of freshwater and fossil fuels which, along with methane and CO2 emissions from decomposing food, thus impact global climate change. In a recent paper published in the Public Library of Science ONE,...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Sustainable Africa scenario 2030: refrigeration drives households electricity demand

According to the IEA’s sustainable Africa scenario, refrigeration appliances, including air conditioners, will drive most of the increase in household electricity demand by 2030. The...

• Publication date : 2022/06/27
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Developing country

Incredible Harbin ice sculptures

The 31st International Snow and Ice Festival opened on 5 January 2015 in Harbin, northeast China.

• Publication date : 2015/03/06

Out of ordinary: Ötzi’s curse?

Ötzi's curse? Tests run on Ötzi the iceman, the world's oldest and best-preserved mummy, show signs of decomposition. X-rays show grey spots on one knee, indicating gas formation caused by bacteria. The South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Out of ordinary: ice sculpture

Ice Sculptures Unlimited, based in Richmond, Virginia (USA) is specialized in custom-made ice sculptures including company logos, ice bars and food displays.

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Out of the ordinary: Ötzi

Ötzi's last days are turning into a 5000-year-old murder case. New investigations by researchers have established the chronology of the injuries that Ötzi, the glacier man preserved as a frozen mummy, sustained in his last days. It has now been...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

Briefs: EU-funded NARECO2 project

The EU-funded NARECO2 project has ensured that the e-learning module for CO2 refrigeration is now available online at no charge. This complete interactive tool is designed to highlight the specificities of using CO2 as a refrigerant and builds on...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

Out of ordinary: Inflatable fridge!

What will our fridges look like in 2020? According to Hanan Ben Shoshan, an Israeli designer, an inflatable fridge (IF) will provide extra capacity when needed for festive events. The fantastic fridge was commended in a design contest entitled...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Out of ordinary: Biodegradable zippers

Zip-Pak presented a new range of biodegradable zippers at the Anuga Food Tec Exhibition in Cologne in April 2006. Manufacturers can now specify zip-closed degradable packaging that is ideal for produce, nuts, breads and cheeses. The zippers are...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Out of the Ordinary: Pandas

Funi and Wang Wang, a couple of giant pandas, are star attractions at Adelaide Zoo in Australia. To keep them cool during South Australia's hot summers, chilled glass-reinforced rocks, air conditioning and waterfalls have been installed. The...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

Out of ordinary: Cool Olympics

During the Beijing Olympic Games held in Beijing in August 2008, a number of athletes benefited from cooling technology. Concerned about the high temperatures usually encountered in Beijing in summer, several teams turned to cooling technology....

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Out of the ordinary: Cool stays

Looking for a refreshingly cool place to stay? Ice hotels in Swedish Lapland and Quebec , Canada make a refreshing change. The Ice Hotel inJukkasjärvi, Sweden, is built (and rebuilt each year) from 10 000 tons of ice and 30 000 tons of snow; it...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Obituary: Jozef Mlynarczyk

The IIR would like to express its sincere condolences to the family and relatives of Jozef Mlynarczyk, who died on March 19, 2018.

• Publication date : 2018/05/17

Obituary: Einar Brendeng

The IIR presents its deepest sympathy and sincerest condolences to Professor Einar Brendeng’s family, the Norwegian refrigeration industry and society.

• Publication date : 2024/03/28

International Dictionary of Refrigeration

A new International Dictionary of Refrigeration has just been published! The first volume off the press is the English-French version in the IIR's official languages, English and French, comprising about 4400 terms with their definitions. This...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

Briefs: Eddie Leonardi

The IIR was deeply saddened to learn of the death of Prof. Eddie Leonardi in December 2008. Eddie was Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of New South Wales, Australia, and taught refrigeration, air conditioning, thermodynamics,...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

International Dictionary of Refrigeration: Spanish now!

The Spanish-English-French: Terms volume of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration was published recently. It comprises 4400 terms in Spanish along with the terms in English and French. The layout is the same as that of the basic...

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

News from IIR members: Kinarca

Kinarca obtains ISO 22000 certification for its gel-ice machine. Bureau Veritas Certification has certified that Kinarca's Food Security system applied to the design process, manufacturing assembly and maintenance of flo-ice machines is according...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

Event report: IOR seminar in London

The UK Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) organized in London, UK, a joint seminar with the IIR on April 7, 2011, dedicated to public policy on heat pumps, comparing the current developments and incentives in various European countries: the cases of...

• Publication date : 2011/05/19

The Centenary in Paris and future events

A joint IIR/French Refrigeration Association (AFF) conference was held in Paris on June 12, 2008 in order to celebrate the centenaries of both organizations. It was combined with the IIR statutory meetings on June 10, 11 and 13 and with various...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

New publications: International Dictionary of Refrigeration: German

In the previous issue of the Newsletter, we gave you the information on the publication of the first volume of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration: English-French: Terms and Definitions. Now, the German-English-French: Terms volume has...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

New publications: International Dictionary of refrigeration: Chinese now!

The Chinese-English-French: Terms volume of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration was published recently. It comprises 4400 terms in Chinese along with the terms in English and French. The layout is the same as that of the basic...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

CryoHub Webinar

CryoHub the EU funded project to demonstrate the potential for cryogenic energy storage at refrigerated warehouses will hold a webinar on 17th March 2021 to share findings and results of this work.

• Publication date : 2020/11/27

Open Access Gold, an innovative partnership between the IIR and Elsevier

The world of research more accessible than ever thanks to the Open Access Gold offer in the International Journal of Refrigeration!

• Publication date : 2022/06/08
• Subjects: General information

UN Environment and IIR reinforce partnership

In order to formalise their existing partnership, the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the UN Environment signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) during the 31st Meeting of the parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP).

• Publication date : 2020/02/19

Join the ENOUGH project webinar!

Funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, the ENOUGH project aims to address and reduce emissions from the food sector. Join the project webinar on December 1.

• Publication date : 2022/11/24
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Walk-in cold rooms: webinar replay and slides now available

Thank you for taking part in our second webinar! You can now download the slides and watch the replay on the IIR YouTube channel. Furthermore, the overview guide is also available in...

• Publication date : 2024/06/26
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country, Environment, General information

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO