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IIR document
Effect of freezing rate and storage on the texture and quality parameters of strawberry and green bean frozen in home type freezer.
Phase-change-material nanoemulsions for energy transport and storage.
Direct contact ultrasound assisted freezing of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): growth and size distribution of ice crystals.
Assessing the Gel Quality and Storage Properties of Hypophythalmalmichthys molitrix Surimi Gel Prepared with Epigallocatechin Gallate Subject to Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles.
Effects of immersion freezing methods on water holding capacity, ice crystals and water migration in grass carp during frozen storage.
Effects of different thawing methods on quality of unfrozen meats.
ON SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET SYSTEMS FOR NMR IMAGING.
1H-NMR INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FREEZE TEXTURIZATION OF FISH MEAT.
FREEZING CURVE BY BROAD-LINE PULSED NMR AND FREEZE-DRYING.
Field stability of a 600 MHz NMR magnet in the driven-mode.
[In Japanese. / En japonais.]
Development and testing of superfluid-cooled 900 MHz NMR magnet.
MRI MEASUREMENTS OF FROZEN SYSTEMS.
MR-guided percutaneous cryosurgery: novel minimally invasive therapy in combination with imaging and freezing.
CRYOSURGERY: ADVANCES IN THE APPLICATION OF LOW TEMPERATURES TO MEDICINE.
SUPERCONDUCTING SUPER COLLIDER: A STEP IN THE 21ST CENTURY.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
1419 results
Out of the ordinary: incredible sun glacier leaf will use Sahara sun and humidity to make ice
There’s more than one way to use the sun, and nothing proves this better than Ap Verheggen’s incredible SunGlacier Leaf. This solar-powered leaf has the potential to create a lot of ice and water – in the middle of the Sahara. The 200 m²...
Increasing pressure on HFCs
Policy-makers worldwide are increasing pressure to reduce HFC use.
Out of ordinary
Residents of Harbin, China, are not daunted by their long, cold winters. Instead they celebrate by holding the Harbin Snow and Ice Festival. Organized annually since 1985, the festival draws over a million tourists every winter. Teams of sculptors...
US increasing food waste
Food waste contributes to excess consumption of freshwater and fossil fuels which, along with methane and CO2 emissions from decomposing food, thus impact global climate change. In a recent paper published in the Public Library of Science ONE,...
Sustainable Africa scenario 2030: refrigeration drives households electricity demand
According to the IEA’s sustainable Africa scenario, refrigeration appliances, including air conditioners, will drive most of the increase in household electricity demand by 2030. The...
Incredible Harbin ice sculptures
The 31st International Snow and Ice Festival opened on 5 January 2015 in Harbin, northeast China.
Out of ordinary: Inflatable fridge!
What will our fridges look like in 2020? According to Hanan Ben Shoshan, an Israeli designer, an inflatable fridge (IF) will provide extra capacity when needed for festive events. The fantastic fridge was commended in a design contest entitled...
Out of ordinary: Biodegradable zippers
Zip-Pak presented a new range of biodegradable zippers at the Anuga Food Tec Exhibition in Cologne in April 2006. Manufacturers can now specify zip-closed degradable packaging that is ideal for produce, nuts, breads and cheeses. The zippers are...
Out of ordinary: Cool Olympics
During the Beijing Olympic Games held in Beijing in August 2008, a number of athletes benefited from cooling technology. Concerned about the high temperatures usually encountered in Beijing in summer, several teams turned to cooling technology....
Briefs: EU-funded NARECO2 project
The EU-funded NARECO2 project has ensured that the e-learning module for CO2 refrigeration is now available online at no charge. This complete interactive tool is designed to highlight the specificities of using CO2 as a refrigerant and builds on...
Out of the Ordinary: Pandas
Funi and Wang Wang, a couple of giant pandas, are star attractions at Adelaide Zoo in Australia. To keep them cool during South Australia's hot summers, chilled glass-reinforced rocks, air conditioning and waterfalls have been installed. The...
Out of ordinary: Ötzi’s curse?
Ötzi's curse? Tests run on Ötzi the iceman, the world's oldest and best-preserved mummy, show signs of decomposition. X-rays show grey spots on one knee, indicating gas formation caused by bacteria. The South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in...
Out of ordinary: ice sculpture
Ice Sculptures Unlimited, based in Richmond, Virginia (USA) is specialized in custom-made ice sculptures including company logos, ice bars and food displays.
Out of the ordinary: Ötzi
Ötzi's last days are turning into a 5000-year-old murder case. New investigations by researchers have established the chronology of the injuries that Ötzi, the glacier man preserved as a frozen mummy, sustained in his last days. It has now been...
Out of the ordinary: tweeting fridge
WHO recommends drinking 2 litres of water per day, but Brazilians drink only 1.2 litres per day on the average. A bottled water manufacturer has worked out a way of reminding people to drink more water. Their campaign bridges the world of social...
IIR news
462 results
Obituary: Jozef Mlynarczyk
The IIR would like to express its sincere condolences to the family and relatives of Jozef Mlynarczyk, who died on March 19, 2018.
Obituary: Einar Brendeng
The IIR presents its deepest sympathy and sincerest condolences to Professor Einar Brendeng’s family, the Norwegian refrigeration industry and society.
International Dictionary of Refrigeration
A new International Dictionary of Refrigeration has just been published! The first volume off the press is the English-French version in the IIR's official languages, English and French, comprising about 4400 terms with their definitions. This...
Briefs: Eddie Leonardi
The IIR was deeply saddened to learn of the death of Prof. Eddie Leonardi in December 2008. Eddie was Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of New South Wales, Australia, and taught refrigeration, air conditioning, thermodynamics,...
International Dictionary of Refrigeration: Spanish now!
The Spanish-English-French: Terms volume of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration was published recently. It comprises 4400 terms in Spanish along with the terms in English and French. The layout is the same as that of the basic...
News from IIR members: Kinarca
Kinarca obtains ISO 22000 certification for its gel-ice machine. Bureau Veritas Certification has certified that Kinarca's Food Security system applied to the design process, manufacturing assembly and maintenance of flo-ice machines is according...
Event report: IOR seminar in London
The UK Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) organized in London, UK, a joint seminar with the IIR on April 7, 2011, dedicated to public policy on heat pumps, comparing the current developments and incentives in various European countries: the cases of...
New publications: International Dictionary of Refrigeration: German
In the previous issue of the Newsletter, we gave you the information on the publication of the first volume of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration: English-French: Terms and Definitions. Now, the German-English-French: Terms volume has...
The Centenary in Paris and future events
A joint IIR/French Refrigeration Association (AFF) conference was held in Paris on June 12, 2008 in order to celebrate the centenaries of both organizations. It was combined with the IIR statutory meetings on June 10, 11 and 13 and with various...
New publications: International Dictionary of refrigeration: Chinese now!
The Chinese-English-French: Terms volume of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration was published recently. It comprises 4400 terms in Chinese along with the terms in English and French. The layout is the same as that of the basic...
CryoHub Webinar
CryoHub the EU funded project to demonstrate the potential for cryogenic energy storage at refrigerated warehouses will hold a webinar on 17th March 2021 to share findings and results of this work.
Open Access Gold, an innovative partnership between the IIR and Elsevier
The world of research more accessible than ever thanks to the Open Access Gold offer in the International Journal of Refrigeration!
UN Environment and IIR reinforce partnership
In order to formalise their existing partnership, the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the UN Environment signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) during the 31st Meeting of the parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP).
Join the ENOUGH project webinar!
Funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, the ENOUGH project aims to address and reduce emissions from the food sector. Join the project webinar on December 1.
IIR member news: Daikin signs a partnership on CO2 capture
Daikin recently signed a partnership with Doshisha University in Kyoto to work on CO2 capture and higher efficiency air conditioners.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
17 results
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
André Lebon
André Lebon (1859 – 1938). Membre fondateur de l’Association Internationale du Froid puis de l’Institut International du Froid
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
For IIR members only
Global cold storage capacity
This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Kigali Amendment status per country
List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Events
5 results
IIR event
27th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration
August 21, 2027 - August 27, 2027
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Save the date! Information coming soon!
Find out more
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
1st IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures
August 10, 2025 - August 13, 2025
Manchester, United Kingdom
The International Institute of Refrigeration is proud to announce that the first IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures will take place in Manchester, UK on 10-13 August 2025.
Other event
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
21st International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG2026)
February 02, 2026 - February 05, 2026
Doha, Qatar
Submit your abstract by 29 May...
