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Fluid selection optimization of a combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system for residential applications.

• Author(s) : JAVAN S., MOHAMADI V., AHMADI P., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/03/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Working fluid, Trigeneration, Residential sector, Rankine, R134a, Ejector system, R123, R11, Performance
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 96

IIR document

Challenges and opportunities to design chillers using low and medium GWP fluids.

• Author(s) : LARMINAT P. de
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : English
• Source: 1^st IIR international conference on the application of HFO refrigerants, Birmingham, September 2-5 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Ageing of refrigerated truck insulation.

• Author(s) : CAVALIER G., DEVIN E., SUQUET T.
• Publication date: 2016/04/07
• Languages : English
• Source: 4^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Auckland, New Zealand, April 7-9, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Flow boiling heat transfer of Freon R11 and HCFC-123 in narrow passages.

• Author(s) : BAO Z. Y., FLETCHER D. F., HAYNES B. S.
• Publication date: 2000/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Small scale, Mass transfer, Tube, Heat transfer, R123, R11, Flow, Boiling
• Source: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer - vol. 43 - n. 18

IIR document

THE NON-AZEOTROPIC MIXTURE R12-R11 (50-50%) FOR HEAT PUMPS.

• Author(s) : CAMPORESE R., BIGOLARO G.
• Publication date: 1987/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R114, Halogen, Calculation, Diagram, R12, R11, Thermodynamic property, Heat pump, Performance, Zeotropic mixture, Equation of state, COP, Refrigerant, Water-water
• Source: Development in refrigeration, refrigeration for development. Proceedings of the XVIIth international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

ETUDE COMPARATIVE DES MELANGES R12-R11 ET R12-R113 DANS UN CIRCUIT DE POMPE A CHALEUR.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF R12-R11 AND R12-R113 MIXTURES IN A HEAT PUMP CIRCUIT.

• Author(s) : TAJOURI F., DALIGAULT J., DUMINIL M.
• Publication date: 1987/08/24
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Halogen, R12, R113, R11, Heat pump, Performance, Zeotropic mixture, Mixture, Evaporator, Refrigerant, Condenser
• Source: Development in refrigeration, refrigeration for development. Proceedings of the XVIIth international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES' CODE OF GOOD PRACTICE FOR THE REDUCTION OF EMMISSIONS OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS R11 AND R12 IN REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING APPLICATIONS.

• Author(s) : ACKROYD K.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Regulations, Ozone, Halogen, Safety, EEC, CFC, R12, R11, Stratosphere
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

IIR informatory note on CFCs and refrigeration.

• Publication date: 1988/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CFC, Chilling, R12, R11, Refrigerant
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 11 - n. 2
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The halocarbon contamination problem. 2. Chlorofluorocarbons in the environment.

• Author(s) : REDDY D. W.
• Publication date: 1979/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R112, Contamination, R11, HFC, Environment
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 2 - n.5
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

PROPRIETES THERMOPHYSIQUES D'UN NOUVEAU FLUIDE FRIGORIGENE, LE 1,1-DICHLORO-1-FLUOROETHANE (HFA141B).

THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A NEW REFRIGERANT, 1.1-DICHLORO-1-FLUOROETHANE (HFA141B).

• Author(s) : ARNAUD D., et al.
• Publication date: 1991/08/10
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Calculation, Measurement, R141b, R11, Thermodynamic property, Refrigerant
• Source: New challenges in refrigeration. Proceedings of the XVIIIth International Congress of Refrigeration, August 10-17, 1991, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

STATUS AND FUTURE OF ALTERNATIVE REFRIGERANTS TO CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS.

• Author(s) : KUTTER W.
• Publication date: 1988/09/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Halogen, CFC, R123, R12, R11, Refrigerant
• Source: Refrigeration for food and people.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

High efficient plasma method for freon destruction.

• Author(s) : JASINSKI M., MIZERACZYK J., CZYLKOWSKI D., et al.
• Publication date: 2001/08/29
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CFC, R11, Process, Plasma (physics), Destruction, Refrigerant
• Source: Refrigerant Management and Destruction Technologies of CFCs.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A HALOGENATED HYDROCARBON EJECTOR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM.

• Author(s) : CHARAN V.
• Publication date: 1987/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Halogen, Ejector system, Calculation, R11, Performance, Freezing
• Source: Development in refrigeration, refrigeration for development. Proceedings of the XVIIth international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Les paramètres géométriques optima d'un éjecto-compresseur frigorifique.

Optimal geometric parameters of a cooling ejector-compressor.

• Author(s) : NAHDI E., CHAMPOUSSIN J. C., HOSTACHE G., CHERON J.
• Publication date: 1993
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Geometry, Ejector system, Calculation, R11, Refrigerating plant
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 16 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A challenge to develop an equation of state for a new generation refrigerant, HFE-347mcc.

• Author(s) : WIDIATMO J. V., SATO H., WATANABE K.
• Publication date: 1999/09/19
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R347mcc, Chemical composition, R11, Thermodynamic property, Substitute, Refrigerant
• Source: 20^th International Congress of Refrigeration: Refrigeration into the Third Millennium.
• Formats : PDF

A surprising increase in the emissions of trichlorofluoromethane (R11) since 2012

An article published in Nature underlines the unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting R11.

• Publication date : 2018/06/22
• Subjects: Regulation

ICR2011 highlights: cooling particle detectors

Cooling systems for particle detectors attracted interest at the IIR’s Congress in Prague in August 2011. These highly specific applications have very strict requirements compared with standard cooling systems: refrigerants should be resistant to...

• Publication date : 2012/02/21

ICR2011 highlights: micro-refrigeration development

Micro-refrigeration development was one of the important themes of the IIR Congress in Prague.

• Publication date : 2011/12/15

HFO1123: a new alternative to R410A?

Japanese firm Asahi Glass announced its own refrigerant for use in air conditioning systems, based on the new HFO molecule HFO1123.

• Publication date : 2014/04/28

ICR2011 highlights: improving insulation thanks to vacuum

Vacuum insulated panels (VIPs) are a new technology which is theoretically 5 times less conductive than classic polyurethane panels (3 times less in practice because of the various thermal bridges).

• Publication date : 2012/01/05

2011 worldwide industrial gas market: recovery on hold

Growth of the worldwide industrial gas industry in 2010 continued into 2011, but at a decreased rate.

• Publication date : 2012/07/16
• Subjects: Figures, economy

European Union: fall in HFC usage in 2011

According to the recent European Environment Agency (EEA) “Fluorinated greenhouse gases 2011” summary on data reported under the “F-Gas Regulation”, F-gas production (-5% in weight), imports (-6%) and intra-EU sales (-12%) of F-gases fell between...

• Publication date : 2012/12/10
• Subjects: Figures, economy

ICR2011 highlights: carbon capture and storage (CCS) perspectives

During ICR2011, a complete session was devoted to carbon capture and storage (CCS). Berstad et al.(1) stressed that according to IEA, out of the targeted global annual CO2 emissions reductions – 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels –, CO2 CCS from...

• Publication date : 2011/11/16
• Subjects: Environment, General information

ICR2011 highlights: a refrigeration road map for supermarkets

A road map developed by a team from London South Bank University, Faculty of Engineering, Science and the Built Environment introduces the main saving opportunities for refrigeration in the retail sector

• Publication date : 2011/12/13

ICR2011 highlights: indoor air-quality issues in passive buildings

Polish specialists recommend mechanical ventilation for passive buildings

• Publication date : 2012/03/13

ICR2011 highlights: possibilities for micro-scale natural gas liquefaction

Due to increasing energy demand, interest in micro-scale natural gas liquefaction plants for the exploitation of stranded wells is growing. At ICR2011, a team from Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Italy, presented a paper describing and...

• Publication date : 2012/01/26

Global CO2 emissions reach all-time high in 2011

Global CO2 emissions rose by 3% in 2011 to a new record of 34 billion tonnes, according to the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL).

• Publication date : 2012/12/18

Honeywell CFC destruction plan

Honeywell has begun destroying its inventories of CFCs and CFC blends: the company says it has already destroyed over 12 000 kg of R11.

• Publication date : 2012/06/21

2010 ASHRAE Refrigerant Safety Standards

ASHRAE has published its 2010 editions of Refrigerant Safety Standards. In these editions, HFO-1234yf and 14 refrigerant blends have been added. An optional 2L flammability classification subclass has been added to the existing Class 2 category,...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

Illegal production and use of CFC-11 in China

A report published by the EIA reveals that some Chinese companies still use CFC-11 in the foam blowing industry.

• Publication date : 2018/08/23
• Subjects: Regulation

ICR2011

The IIR International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR) takes place every four years. The next one will take place in Beijing, China, in 2007. All IIR member countries voted to select the host country for ICR2011. There were two applicants: the...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Event report: China Refrigeration Expo 2011

The 22nd International Exhibition for Refrigeration, Air-conditioning, Heating and Ventilation, Frozen Food Processing, Packaging and Storage (China Refrigeration Expo 2011) was held on April 7-9, 2011 in Shanghai. This key event was sponsored by...

• Publication date : 2011/05/19

ICR 2011 in Prague: a Resounding Success

The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration held in Prague, on August 21-26, 2011, was highly successful...

• Publication date : 2011/08/30

Conference reports: ATMOsphere 2010

The IIR-co-sponsored Conference ATMOsphere 2010 took place in Brussels on September 27-28, 2010. 170 persons from 30 countries attended. Speakers, from the industry or public organizations, particularly European ones, expressed their desire to...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Briefs: Catalogue of Publications 2010-2011

The Catalogue of Publications 2010-2011 is now available! Order it via iif-iir@iifiir.org or surf on www.iifiir.org to order the IIR's latest publications.

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

The Mostra Convegno exhibition

In March 2018 the IIR participated in one of the biggest exhibitions on refrigeration technologies, Mostra Convegno, which took place, as always, in Milan.

• Publication date : 2018/04/19

IIR member news: Star Refrigeration

After a year’s research project into low GWP cooling, Star Refrigeration proposes a new chiller using R1234ze.

• Publication date : 2014/02/03

IIR member news: Johnson Controls YORK chiller optimised for R1233zd(E)

The YORK YZ magnetic bearing centrifugal chiller, produced by Johnson Controls, is said to be the first chiller fully optimized for ultimate performance with the low-global warming potential refrigerant R1233zd(E).

• Publication date : 2019/01/31

Member news: Mexichem Fluor changes name to Koura

The Mexichem branch specialized in the development and manufacturing of fluorinated products changes its name to become Koura.

• Publication date : 2019/09/30

News from IIR members: ARTI

ARTI, the research arm of AHRI (the Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute), has contracted with a consulting firm in order to review the regulatory barriers and issues concerning low-GWP refrigerants including CO2, ammonia and...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

News from IIR members: Tecumseh

Tecumseh has won the French Golden Decibel Award for its second-generation Silensys condensation units. The Conseil National du Bruit (the French national organization dealing with noise issues) presented this award in recognition of the noise...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Minutes of IIR Commission B1 Business Meeting in Boulder

A Commission B1 business meeting took place in Boulder, Colorado, USA (June 24, 2009). It was chaired by Commission B1 President Dr Piotr Domanski. The minutes of the meeting are available

• Publication date : 2010/06/07

Minutes of IIR Commissions B1/B2 Business Meeting in Sydney

Piotr Domanski and Ben Adamson co-chaired a joint Commission business meeting (B1 & B2) in Sydney during the 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in April 2010. Following discussion during the meeting, a survey was sent to B1 commission members...

• Publication date : 2010/06/07

FRISBEE Project

The IIR is involved in a 4-year project within the context of the EU 7th Framework Programme. The objective of the FRISBEE (Food Refrigeration Innovations for Safety, consumers' Benefit, Environmental impact and Energy optimisation along the cold...

• Publication date : 2010/07/26

Conference update: Dinan

Le Pôle Cristal organise un colloque scientifique sur le thème : « Froid industriel et commercial. Bâtiment économe en énergie », les 7 et 8 octobre 2010, à Dinan (France). Une table ronde sur « Les enjeux du froid dans l'industrie...

• Publication date : 2010/09/27

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)