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Desalination through reverse osmosis (RO): a sustainable and cost effective future technology for energy and water management.

• Author(s) : BASU S., KUMAR BRAHMA N.
• Publication date: 2018/07/27
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies for Sustainable and Intelligent HVAC&R Systems, Kolkata, July 27-28 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Hybrid Solar-Driven Desalination/Cooling Systems: Current Situation and Future Trend.

• Author(s) : ALSAMAN A. S., HASSAN A. A., ALI E. S., MOHAMMED R. H., ZOHIR A. E., FARID A. M., ERAQI A. M. Z., GHETANY H. H. el-, ASKALANY A. A.
• Publication date: 2022/11
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 21
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Simultaneous implementation of rotary pressure exchanger and ejectors for CO₂ refrigeration system.

• Author(s) : SAEED M. Z., HAFNER A., THATTE A., GABRIELII C. H.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Experimental investigation of aqueous foam based heat transfer in liquid piston compressor for improvement in compression efficiency.

• Author(s) : PATIL V., ACHARYA P., RO P.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 24^th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Experimental investigation of water spray cooling for temperature reduction in liquid piston compressor.

• Author(s) : ACHARYA P., PATIL V., RO P.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 24^th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Pharmaceutical Cryogenic Technologies.

• Author(s) : SAHAKIJPIJARN S., MOON C., WILLIAMS R. O.
• Publication date: 2022
• Languages : English

Dedicated to efficiency. 2016 ASHRAE Technology Award case studies.

• Author(s) : LEMIRE N., FREDERICKS R. O., BARIL P. L., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/10
• Languages : English
• Source: EcoLibrium - vol. 15 - n. 9
• Formats : PDF

Combined heat and mass transfer analysis for LiCl dehumidification process in a plate type heat exchanger.

• Author(s) : LEE J. H., RO G. H., KANG Y. T., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/03/05
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 96

IIR document

Dynamic modeling study for a solar evaporator with expansion valve assembly of a transcritical CO2 heat pump.

• Author(s) : FARIA R. N., NUNES R. O., KOURY R. N. N., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/04
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 64
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Estimation of the UK 2019 Baseline Year’s Energy Demand and Emissions of Temperature-Controlled Transport Using a Bottom-Up Model.

• Author(s) : MAHOOD H. B., SAYIN L., WANG X., ALAMMAR A., LAMIDI R. O., SINGH A., ALLOUCHE Y., PETERS T.
• Publication date: 2024/06/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 8^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: June 9-11 2024
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Borehole installations or air to water heat pumps. What to use and where.

• Author(s) : NIELSEN G.
• Publication date: 2015/04/16
• Languages : English
• Source: 6^th Conference on Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, April 16-18, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Sistemi sa bušotinama ili toplotne pumpe vazduh-voda. Koje rešenje koristiti i na kojoj lokaciji.

Borehole installations or air to water heat pumps. What to use and where.

• Author(s) : NIELSEN G.
• Publication date: 2016/12
• Languages : English
• Source: 47^th International HVAC&R Congress and Exhibition.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

THE CASE FOR THE REFRIGERATED CONTAINER VESSEL NEW ZEALAND PACIFIC.

• Author(s) : PAYZE M. C.
• Publication date: 1982/01/26
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, Sea transport, Refrigerated transport, Ro-Ro, Container ship, Container
• Source: Refrigeration of perishable products for distant markets.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Discussion on the use of dimensionless parameters in design of adsorbent beds.

• Author(s) : GEDIZ ILIS G., MOBEDI M., ÜLKÜ S.
• Publication date: 2011/04/06
• Languages : English
• Source: Sources/sinks Alternative to the Outside Air for Heat Pump and Air-conditioning Techniques (Alternative Sources - AS), Padua, Italy, April 5-7, 2011. / International Sorption Heat Pump Conference (ISHPC11), Padua, Italy, April 6-8, 2011.
• Formats : PDF

Nautical risk assessment for LNG operations at the port of Koper.

• Author(s) : PERKOVIC M., GUCMA L., PRZYWARTY M., et al.
• Publication date: 2012/10
• Languages : English
• Source: Strojniski vestnik - Journal of mechanical Engineering - vol. 58 - n. 10
• Formats : PDF

IEA “Net Zero by 2050” roadmap: the role of the refrigeration sector

In its latest report, the IEA stresses that the path to net‐zero emissions by 2050 is narrow. In this context, the refrigeration sector, including heat pumps, has an important role to play. 

• Publication date : 2021/06/29
• Subjects: Environment

Green hydrogen production project in Namibia

In partnership with a French-German consortium, the Namibian government plans to develop a green hydrogen production facility. Although some of the funding may be secured as early as...

• Publication date : 2022/01/18
• Subjects: Developing country

Visualization of artificial proteins with cryo-electron microscopy

A team of researchers managed to visualize the atomic structure of peptoids.

• Publication date : 2019/12/30

The European Commission adopts a proposal for the Europan Union to ratify the Kigali amendment.

The European Commission encourages a swift implementation of the Kigali amendment.

• Publication date : 2017/02/06
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives, Environment

India submits amendment proposal to the Montreal Protocol proposing a phase-down of HFCs

India had for years opposed a phase-down of HFCs under the Montreal Protocol. India's amendment calls for a 15-year “grace period” for developing countries.

• Publication date : 2015/04/22
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

The world’s first liquified hydrogen carrier ship en route from Japan to Australia

Since the end of December 2021, the world’s first liquefied hydrogen (LH2) carrier, the “Suiso Frontier”, is achieving its first round trip between Japan and Australia. The voyage is...

• Publication date : 2022/01/28
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

A project to decarbonise the cold chain in the UK using hydrogen

The University of Nottingham is looking to develop dual-use energy storage technology capable of supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell and generating direct cooling for refrigeration applications. 

• Publication date : 2021/06/28
• Subjects: Environment

A project aimaing at improving fresh produce exports from Dominican Republic

The United States Department of Agriculture is currently working to strengthen the DR’s ability to export high quality fruit and vegetable products.

• Publication date : 2017/07/18
• Subjects: Developing country

An improved liquid cooling system for the Microsoft Surface Pro 4.

The 'hybrid liquid cooling' solution allows a better heat distribution, making the SP4 feel a bit cooler.

• Publication date : 2015/10/22

Launching of the ROCA project for sustainable cooling in francophone African countries

From 2021 to 2024, the ROCA project aims to promote sustainable and energy-efficient cooling in four French-speaking African countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Mali and Senegal....

• Publication date : 2021/10/04
• Subjects: Developing country, Environment

Fast growing HFC levels could undermine climate benefits of the Montreal Protocol

A WMO-UNEP report stresses that climate benefits of the Montreal Protocol could be offset significantly by projected emissions of HFCs used to replace ozone depleting substances.

• Publication date : 2014/11/12
• Subjects: General information, HFCs alternatives, Environment

Environmental impact of room air conditioners in Europe

In a study* published in February 2011, L. Grigon-Massé et al. assess the environmental impacts of European room air conditioners (RACs) using a Life Cycle Analysis approach and analyse policy strategies to reduce these impacts. In 2010,...

• Publication date : 2011/07/26

Fluorocarbon producers join the Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership

On June 29, 2004, the fluorocarbon producers Atofina, DuPont, INEOS Fluor, Honeywell, Solvay and the JFMA, announced that they will provide 300 000 US dollars to help fund the Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership, which includes...

• Publication date : 2004/09/14

Magnetic refrigeration, a promising technology for the liquefaction of hydrogen

A keynote at the recent IIR Congress highlights magnetic refrigeration as a technology with high potential for the liquefaction of hydrogen, an essential energy vector for decarbonisation. 

• Publication date : 2023/11/28

Promotion of the AFFI 2005 Western Frozen Food Convention by a band of superheroes

The American Frozen Food Institute, the US national trade association representing all aspects of the frozen food industry supply chain, from manufacturers to distributors to suppliers to packagers, has turned to a band of superheroes to promote...

• Publication date : 2004/12/22

COOL-SAVE stakeholders in EU project COOL-SAVE hold a progress meeting in Rome

From July 3-4, stakeholders in EU project COOL-SAVE held a progress meeting in Rome, under the auspices of consortium partner Federalimentare.

• Publication date : 2014/07/04

Press release: The International Institute of Refrigeration produces five Cold Chain Technology Briefs in partnership with UN Environment OzonAction

The IIR commissioned several of its experts in their capacity as presidents of an IIR section, an IIR commission and as an IIR member to produce five Cold Chain Technology Briefs in partnership with UN Environment OzonAction.

• Publication date : 2018/01/25

The OEWG 38: dedicated to the phase down of hydrofluorocarbons

The IIR reports back from the 38th Open-Ended Working Group meeting in Vienna

• Publication date : 2016/07/27

New publications: The CD-ROM proceedings of the 1st IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature

The CD-ROM proceedings of the 1st IIR International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature held in Montreux, Switzerland, are now available. They comprise 4 keynote presentations, 20 papers on materials (gadolinium and its...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

The IIR announces role in European "REAL Alternatives" programme.

The International of Refrigeration is pleased to announce its role in a new European learning programme “REAL Alternatives” that will address skills shortages amongst technicians working in the refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump sector.

• Publication date : 2013/12/01

New Working Group: Cooling and Refrigeration Emissions and Energy Data Working Group (CREED)

 IIR and UNEP-led Cool Coalition are excited to announce the formation of a new working group titled "Cooling and Refrigeration Emissions and Energy Data Working Group (CREED)"

• Publication date : 2024/06/27

The IIR at the refrigeration forefront of EU projects

Generally involved in the dissemination process, the IIR makes use of its network, activities and services to promote worldwide the research outcomes of the EU projects.

• Publication date : 2015/03/03

The European Union project Cryohub in Beijing

The IIR organised a well-attended CryoHub workshop at the 5th International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain in Beijing on April 7th.

• Publication date : 2018/04/19

The IIR supports innovative European research projects on refrigeration

In line with its international activities, the IIR is currently involved in two European research projects both focused on very distinct areas of refrigeration technologies.

• Publication date : 2017/02/22

The IIR remains a key partner in European refrigeration projects

In line with its international activities, the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is currently a partner of three European research projects focused on very distinct areas of refrigeration technology.

• Publication date : 2018/10/08

News from IIR members: Cemafroid

Cemafroid (www.cemafroid.fr) is working on certification of night delivery in urban areas.

• Publication date : 2012/06/05

News from IIR members: Cemafroid

Cemafroid and the National Centre for Cold chain Development (NCCD) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) within framework of cooperation in the cold-chain field in India.

• Publication date : 2013/05/23

Professor Arhkarov's birthday

This month, Prof. Alexey M. Arkharov, a well known scientist in the field of cryogenics, celebrated his 90th birthday.

• Publication date : 2021/01/29

Obituary: Prof Mattarolo

Professor Fredolino (Lino) Mattarolo, who died on Friday, September 17 at the age of 90, was not only a renowned scientist in Italy where he received the prestigious Premio cultura Città di Bassano in 2000, but was also highly thought of in...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

New European projects for the IIR

In line with its international activities, the IIR is going to take part in two European projects which have just been validated by the European Commission.

• Publication date : 2016/02/24

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs