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IIR document

LNG in ship bunkering applications – challenges and opportunities.

• Author(s) : CHOROWSKI M., DUDA P., DOWZENKO P., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, Cryotank, Design, LNG, Cryogenics, Fuel (generic)
• Source: Cryogenics 2014. Proceedings of the 13^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 7-11, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

Control of ODS for international shipping

• Author(s) : YAMASAKI M.
• Publication date: 2017/04/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Regulations, Ship, Safety, Refrigerated transport, Reduction, Pollution, Developing country, Ozone depletion
• Source: Sustainable management of refrigeration technologies in marine and off-shore fisheries sectors.
• Formats : PDF

LNG shipping at 50. A commemorative SIGTTO/GIIGNL publication 2014.

• Author(s) : CORKHILL M., HARRIS S., CLIFTON A., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, Safety, Sea transport, History, LNG

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

CO2 refrigeration system design and optimization for LNG driven cruise ships.

• Author(s) : SAEED M. Z., HAFNER A., GABRIELII C., TOLSTOREBROV I., WIDELL K. N.
• Publication date: 2021/09/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Ship, LNG, Energy efficiency, Case study, Cooling
• Source: 9^th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technologies. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, 16-17 September, 2021
• Formats : PDF

The contribution of novel marine system technology to game changing total ship efficiencies.

• Author(s) : VISSER K.
• Publication date: 2017/04/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Gas, Ship, Greenhouse, Performance, Fishing, Emission, Energy efficiency, Cost
• Source: Sustainable management of refrigeration technologies in marine and off-shore fisheries sectors.
• Formats : PDF

A three-dimensional CFD simulation study to reduce heat stress in ships.

• Author(s) : PEREZ J. A., OROSA J.A., GRUEIRO T.
• Publication date: 2016/02/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal analysis, Heat, Ship, CFD, Machine room, Simulation, Engine
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 94

Using waste heat of ship as energy source for an absorption refrigeration system.

• Author(s) : SALMI W., VANTTOLA J., ELG M., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/03/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, Lithium bromide, Ammonia, Absorption system, Modelling, Waste heat
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 115

Overview of China refrigerant and extinguishing agent recycled from ship breaking sector in 2016.

• Author(s) : XUE C.
• Publication date: 2017/04/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, Economy, China, Sea transport, Recycling, Developing country, Refrigerant
• Source: Sustainable management of refrigeration technologies in marine and off-shore fisheries sectors.
• Formats : PDF

Techno-Environmental Evaluation of a Liquefied Natural Gas-Fuelled Combined Gas Turbine with Steam Cycles for Large Container Ship Propulsion Systems.

• Author(s) : ALZAYEDI A. M. T., SAMPATH S., PILIDIS P.
• Publication date: 2022/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, LNG, Fuel (vehicles), Container ship, Gas turbine, Vapour, Thermodynamic cycle, Simulation, CO2 emission, Modelling
• Source: Energies - 15 - 5
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Design and optimization of liquid nitrogen precooling BOG re-liquefaction process for LNG ships.

• Author(s) : LIU L., GUO T., KONG X., SHEN J., JIANG Q., ZHOU Y., TONG X.
• Publication date: 2024/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Liquefaction, LNG, Design, Optimization, Liquid nitrogen, Ship, Precooling, Methane carrier, Boiling
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 159
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Innovative refrigeration concept for passenger ships - combining CO2 refrigerant, cold recovery and cold storage.

• Author(s) : PARDIÑAS A. A., SELVNES H., GABRIELII C., SAEED M. Z.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, CO2, R744, Recovery, Thermal energy storage, Case study, LNG, Simulation, Modelling
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Thermo-economic design and optimization of cooling systems employed in cruise ships.

• Author(s) : MAURO A. W., NAPOLI G., PELELLA F., VISCITO L.
• Publication date: 2022
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Optimization, Ship, Waste heat, Simulation, Ejector system, Seasonal performance, Cost, Thermodynamic cycle, Hybrid system, Modelling
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 19^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Analysis of ammonia/water and ammonia/salt mixture absorption cycles for refrigeration purposes in fishing ships.

• Author(s) : TÁBOAS F., BOUROUIS M., VALLÈS M.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, Lithium, Ammonia-water, Absorption, Simulation, Fish, Nitrate, Waste heat
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 66 - n. 1-2

Recommended by the IIR

Design and Analysis of Novel CO2 Conditioning Process in Ship-Based CCS.

• Author(s) : GONG W., REMIEZOWICZ E., FOSBØL P. L., SOLMS N. von
• Publication date: 2022/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Carbon capture, Thermodynamic cycle, Liquefaction, CO2, Ship, Open cycle, Energy efficiency, Ammonia, Propane, Modelling, CO2 emission, CCS
• Source: Energies - 15 - 16
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigation of CO2 refrigeration system and thermal energy storage for passenger ships.

• Author(s) : ANDERSEN H., SAEED M. Z., HAFNER A., GABRIELII C.
• Publication date: 2023/04/27
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ship, R744, Transcritical cycle, Thermal energy storage, Ejector, Energy efficiency, COP, Air conditioning, Chilling, Freezing, Modelling, Simulation, Performance
• Source: 10^th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technologies.
• Formats : PDF

LNG-fuelled ships

New ships will increasingly be fuelled by LNG, and Zeus Development Corporation is monitoring LNG-fuelled non-carrier vessels: there are currently 50 and the number is growing fast.

• Publication date : 2012/08/03

Briefs: AC on board ships

Oasis of the Seas, the world¡¯s largest cruise liner, recently left Florida on its first public voyage. It can carry over 6000 passengers and 2300 staff. The Oasis of the Seas was built in Finland at a cost of GBP 800 million, making it the most...

• Publication date : 2010/03/07

LNG ship shortage hurts new players

 A lack of available liquefied natural gas (LNG) tankers helped push charter rates up this winter and continues to hamper trade for smaller players without access to tonnage, according to shipper Golar LNG (GLNG). Large increases in Asian demand...

• Publication date : 2011/08/04

A ship sinks due to refrigeration failure

Three years ago, in April 2001, a factory freezer trawler, the Fame, sank off the coast of Labrador, Canada. According to a recent report by a provincial Transportation Safety Board, the ship sank due to a chain of events, eventually flooding the...

• Publication date : 2004/05/25

Shipping fresh produce overseas is a key business for airlines operating out of Los Angeles

For companies shipping fruit and vegetables by air from the West Coast of the USA to high-end supermarkets and restaurants in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, the overarching rule is: Never break the cold chain.

• Publication date : 2013/05/14

Wales to launches its own deep freeze ahead of the Six Nations Championship

Wales is to build a cryotherapy chamber at its rugby training base near Cardiff in time for next year’s Six Nations Championship.

• Publication date : 2013/01/28

Modern technology permits economical refrigerated shipments

The number of refrigerated shipments, and thus the number of refrigerated containers, has risen worldwide in recent years. Hamburg Süd is optimizing the use of cooling energy and will reduce the energy consumption of its reefer containers by 15%...

• Publication date : 2013/06/27

Frozen food shipments on the increase

A multimillion euro project to build a new container terminal in the Netherlands has been implemented by Kloosterboer, one of the Netherlands' major food logistic service providers, as a new transhipment centre for frozen and refrigerated cargo....

• Publication date : 2006/01/24

Fluorocarbon producers join the Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership

On June 29, 2004, the fluorocarbon producers Atofina, DuPont, INEOS Fluor, Honeywell, Solvay and the JFMA, announced that they will provide 300 000 US dollars to help fund the Mobile Air Conditioning Climate Protection Partnership, which includes...

• Publication date : 2004/09/14

Record year for air conditioners and heat pump shipments in the US

In June 2004, manufacturers of central air conditioners and heat pumps set a single month record of 1 081 147 shipments. This puts the industry on a pace to exceed, for the first time, 7 000 000 units in 2004. Shipments for residential and light...

• Publication date : 2004/09/14

LNG ships are gaining traction!

According to figures collected by DNV, more than 50 orders for LNG-fuelled ships were placed at the world level in April 2022, followed by 30 orders in May. The second quarter of 2022 is therefore already the strongest ever, according to the...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Cruise ships and liquefied natural gas

Driven by tougher international and environmental standards, LNG is more and more used as a transportation fuel in cruise ships.

• Publication date : 2018/01/05

GHG emissions in international marine shipping.

GHG emissions from international shipping increased by 9.6% between 2012 and 2018, according to the Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study published in 2020 by the International Maritime Organization. HFC and HCFC...

• Publication date : 2021/06/29
• Subjects: Environment, Figures, economy

Carbon capture on board LNG-fuelled ships

A project involving science and industry partners has received EU funding to accelerate the uptake of ship-based carbon capture on LNG-fuelled ships.

• Publication date : 2022/06/13
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Defining energy efficiency indicators for refrigerated shipping vessels

A working group from the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) has proposed new energy efficiency indicators for ships. Shipping companies challenge their...

• Publication date : 2021/07/26
• Subjects: Environment

Partnerships with other international organizations

- Eric Granryd, President of the General Conference, and Didier Coulomb attended the ASHRAE Winter Meeting in January 2006, and highlighted the role of the IIR and the need for cooperation on environmental issues. They also met with the US...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

International activities: Partnerships with other international organizations

- Didier Coulomb attended the General Assembly of REHVA (Federation of European heating and air-conditioning associations) in Lausanne, Switzerland, on October 7-8, 2005. It was the occasion to practically implement cooperation with the IIR. -...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Corporate and private membership of the IIR

If you're already a member, you will be aware of your member benefits. If you're not, here's a glimpse: private members get a free subscription to the International Journal of Refrigeration or the Bulletin of the IIR and corporate members get...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Activities of the IIR’s Commission on Refrigerated Storage and the IIR’s international partnerships

The activity of Commission D1, Refrigerated Storage, is involved in the links with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO). Within these partnerships, major projects are being...

• Publication date : 2012/07/04

Free 12-month IIR membership for students

A 'Cool Offer' at the IIR. The IIR is offering free 12-month memberships to students.

• Publication date : 2020/11/09

UN Environment and IIR reinforce partnership

In order to formalise their existing partnership, the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the UN Environment signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) during the 31st Meeting of the parties to the Montreal Protocol (MOP).

• Publication date : 2020/02/19

IIR member news: Daikin signs a partnership on CO2 capture

Daikin recently signed a partnership with Doshisha University in Kyoto to work on CO2 capture and higher efficiency air conditioners.

• Publication date : 2020/04/23

What you didn’t know about IIR membership!

Access, join, engage! Join the IIR and become a part of an international network dedicated to refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2021/04/13

EU project ENOUGH offers PhD scholarship at CNR-ITC in Padova (Italy)

A PhD scholarship will be offered as part of the Horizon 2020 project ENOUGH. The European project will aim to provide technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU Farm to Fork strategy to achieve...

• Publication date : 2022/02/15
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Open Access Gold, an innovative partnership between the IIR and Elsevier

The world of research more accessible than ever thanks to the Open Access Gold offer in the International Journal of Refrigeration!

• Publication date : 2022/06/08
• Subjects: General information

IIR partnership in two new EU-funded projects: SophiA and ENOUGH

In October, the IIR participated in two kick-off meetings of newly granted European projects SophiA and ENOUGH, which officially started on October 1, 2021. Both projects are funded by the European Union’s...

• Publication date : 2021/10/28

Press release: The International Institute of Refrigeration produces five Cold Chain Technology Briefs in partnership with UN Environment OzonAction

The IIR commissioned several of its experts in their capacity as presidents of an IIR section, an IIR commission and as an IIR member to produce five Cold Chain Technology Briefs in partnership with UN Environment OzonAction.

• Publication date : 2018/01/25

A cool offer at the IIR

Free 18-month IIR student membership!

• Publication date : 2016/06/01

The IIR makes its mark in LNG

In line with our objective to remain at the forefront of developments in the field of cryogenics the IIR, in partnership with the lnternational Gas Union (IGU), and the Gas Technology Institute (GTI), organizes triennial LNG conferences across the...

• Publication date : 2015/10/14

News from IIR members: Total

Total is the world's fourth-largest listed producer of natural gas and one of its top three liquefied natural gas suppliers and has published recent statistics on LNG. Consumption has been growing almost 3% a year for more than 30 years. According...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables