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Computational study of a CO2 cooling system with thermoelectric subcooling. [in Spanish]
Sistema de subenfriamiento mecánico para ciclos transcríticos de refrigeración con CO2.
Mechanical subcooling system for CO2 transcritical refrigeration cycles.
IIR document
Evaluation of optimal subcooling in subcritical heat pump systems.
Mejora energética de sistemas de subenfriamiento mecánico en plantas de refrigeración con CO2.
Energy improvement of mechanical subcooling systems in CO2 refrigeration plants.
Maximización del COP de un sistema de compresión de vapor con CO2 al incluir subenfriamiento termoeléctrico optimizado.
Maximising the COP of a CO2 steam compression system through optimised thermoelectric subcooling.
Performance analysis of two-stage CO2 transcritical refrigeration cycles with absorption subcooling and mechanical recooling.
Análisis del subenfriamiento integrado en los sistemas booster con CO2.
Analysis of integrated subcooling in CO2 booster systems.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
CO2 transcritical plant with optimized dedicated mechanical subcooling.
Thermodynamic analysis of a transcritical CO2 refrigeration system sub-cooled with evaporative cooling.
Experimental evaluation of a CO2 transcritical refrigeration plant with dedicated mechanical subcooling.
Análisis experimental de un sistema de subenfriamento en un ciclo simple de compresión de vapor usando R744 transcrítico.
Experimental analysis of a sub-cooling system in a single vapour compression cycle using transcritical R744.
Experimental enhancement of a CO2 transcritical refrigerating plant including thermoelectric subcooling.
Study of different subcooling control strategies in order to enhance the performance of a heat pump.
Cost optimization of thermoelectric sub-cooling in air-cooled CO2 air conditioners.
Thermodynamics analysis of CO2 refrigeration cycles working with mechanical subcooling systems.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
91 results
Radiative cooling: protecting ice from melting under sunlight
Researchers have developed a biodegradable film made of cellulose acetate which, thanks to its radiative cooling properties, effectively protects ice subjected to solar radiation from melting, with possible...
Complex cooling channels support the resurgence of aerospike engines
Initially conceptualised in the 1950s, aerospike rocket engines are now being demonstrated by several start-ups, featuring AI-generated and additively manufactured complex cooling channels.
Channel Tunnel's new refrigeration system achieves energy savings of over 30%
R1233zd(E) proves its efficiency in Europe's largest cooling system.
France: a guidebook on the best practices for the loading of frozen food (in French)
The French Union of Refrigerated Transport (UNTF) published a best practice guide on frozen food loading in refrigerated trucks.
GL2024: Improving the performance of R744-refrigeration systems at high ambient temperatures
A paper presented during the 16th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants proposes improving the performance of R744 refrigeration systems in transcritical operation using low-charge R290...
Innovative solutions to reduce cooling needs for data centres
As the world’s demand for data continues to expand, the creation of new data centres poses the issue of cooling. Innovative solutions using renewable energy sources and heat recovery are presented...
Cryopreservation techniques in reproductive medicine: improving cell survival after warming
A recent literature review presents the technical progress in cryopreservation techniques. The vitrification concept is presented as crucial to ensure cell survival after cryopreservation.
Efficient cooling methods to reduce heat stress in pigs
Microclimate parameters such as air temperature and humidity are important indicators of animal welfare. Besides, heat stress is more detrimental to productivity in the swine...
Design and operation of district heating and cooling systems supplied by renewable energy sources
A report published by the European Commission analyses 8 efficient district heating and cooling systems in different Member States.
Cryogenics 2021 highlights: applications of liquid nitrogen
Cryopreservation of biological materials to favour biodiversity and cooling of superconducting cables to allow transmission of electrical energy with zero resistance are key applications of liquid...
World Cup stadium cooling technology and CO2 emissions
The FIFA World Cup stadiums in Qatar combine passive cooling strategies with innovative air-conditioning technology to offer fans and players a more comfortable...
Overview of data center cooling technologies
The very huge growth in Internet traffic requires the continued development of new energy-efficient data center cooling technologies, based primarily on liquid...
5th generation district heating and cooling networks in Europe
A recent generation of district heating and cooling networks is developing in Europe, using low temperature renewable energy heat sources (such as shallow...
The challenges of thermal management of next-generation electronic equipment
With the increasing integration and miniaturization of electronic devices, the heat flows they generate are constantly increasing. Spray cooling has many advantages in this regard.
Passive cooling can reduce energy demand by 35 to 70% in the ASEAN residential sector
Among countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a study showed that integrating passive cooling strategies into building design can reduce cooling energy...
IIR news
37 results
New IIR Informatory Note on evaporative cooling
The latest IIR Informatory Note highlights that evaporative cooling is an energy-efficient technology that has many applications in air conditioning but also in short-term food storage.
Join our second Webinar on Walk-In Cold Rooms on June 11!
Book your seat! Register to the second webinar in our '"Cool Insights" series highlighting the use of walk-in cold rooms for precooling and storage of fresh produce in the Global South.
How to adapt in a world at 50°C? Learn more at the IMechE conference this September
On September 6-8, 2023, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) will host its 1st International Conference and Workshop on Climate Adaptation and Resilience in London.
Call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!
All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...
The IIR launches a call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!
Cooling data centres: A major economic challenge
Larger data centres can use a staggering amount of energy just to ensure the day-to-day running of electronic equipment. As a result, these data centres can produce a great deal of heat, which require large-scale cooling systems in order to...
The 27th IIR Informatory Note on evaporative cooling.
This 27th IIR Informatory Note provides a state of the art of the simple and practical technology that is Evaporative Cooling.
The IIR supports the Global Cooling Pledge
The IIR and several of its corporate members support this historic commitment signed during COP28.
The IIR and the ASHRAE establish new definitions of five keywords in the refrigeration sector
For over a year, a group of experts from the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) have been working together to establish common definitions of...
Member news: Danfoss hosts global leaders in sustainable heating & cooling
In April, Danfoss hosted a week dedicated to sustainable heating and cooling. The second day featured Danfoss RACHP Symposium, where IIR Director General Yosr Allouche delivered a keynote presentation,...
BETTED: Dairy case studies highlight opportunities for energy and cost savings
Two studies illustrate the potential energy savings, environmental benefits and economic value of energy efficiency measures in the dairy sector. Through BETTED, the IIR invites dairy companies to assess...
Supercooling and superchilling: A solution to increased shelf life and reduced food waste?
If these technologies were combined with perfusion chilling for meat and fish, then additional benefits such as rapid cooling, low weight loss and novel products could result.
Member news: Presenting MIRAI Intex's Latest process cooling Innovation - X Cryo
Discover the latest advancement in process cooling technology from MIRAI Intex. X Cryo delivers precision and durability, meeting the needs of demanding industrial applications.
New EU funded project began on October 1st, 2021: “SophiA - Sustainable off-grid solutions for pharmacies and hospitals in Africa”
With a budget of 8 million euros over four years, SophiA will develop containerized solutions for hospitals using natural refrigerants, solar thermal and photovoltaics to enable more and more African people to...
Past events: The IIR around the world, August and September 2024
A look back at the IIR’s latest events during conferences (Gustav Lorentzen, Thermag, Compressors) and during sponsored vents (CHPC).
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
8 results
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
