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IIR document

Compact LNG regasification plants and fueling stations.

• Author(s) : PAVLAK J., MÁTL P.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Boil-off prevention and thermal modelling of LNG fuelling stations.

• Author(s) : KOVACOVA I., CHRZ V.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

The multiscale boiling investigation on-board the International Space Station: An overview.

• Author(s) : SIELAFF A., MANGINI D., KABOV O. A., RAZA M. Q., GARIVALIS A. I., ZUPANCIC M., DEHAECK S., EVGENIDIS S., JACOBS C., VAN HOOF D., OIKONOMIDOU O., ZABULIS X., KARAMAOUNAS P., BENDER A., RONSHIN F., SCHINNERL M., SEBILLEAU J., COLIN C., DI MARCO P., KARAPANTSIOS T., GOLOBIC I., REDNIKOV A., COLINET P., STEPHAN P., TADRIST L.
• Publication date: 2022/03
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 205

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Techno-economic analysis of cold energy recovery in L-CNG stations.

• Author(s) : MUGNINI A., ZITO F., ROSSI M., CARESANA F., CIOCCOLANTI L., COMODI G., ARTECONI A.
• Publication date: 2023/04/25
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2023. Proceedings of the 17^th IIR International Conference, Dresden, Germany, april 25-28 2023
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Parametric optimization of LCNG fuelling station using modelling and simulation.

• Author(s) : MICHNA M, CHRZ V., KRAL M., KRUSHEL D.
• Publication date: 2023/04/25
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2023. Proceedings of the 17^th IIR International Conference, Dresden, Germany, april 25-28 2023
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Flexible operation of magnetocaloric heat pump in a natural gas reduction station.

• Author(s) : LIANG J., ALAINE BOULET M. A., ENGELBRECHT K., SEEGER A. N., SITTIG T., BENKE D., FRIES M., BAHL C., ELMEGAARD B.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Research on frequency conversion technology of metro station's ventilation and air-conditioning system.

• Author(s) : YANG Z., YU Z., YU L., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/08
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 69 - n. 1-2

IIR document

Analysis for a safer design of high pressure oxygen pressure reducing stations in steel plants.

• Author(s) : LOKESH P., PARTHASARATHI G., KANCHAN C.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study on thermal performance of micro-channel separate heat pipe for telecommunication stations: experiment and simulation.

• Author(s) : LING L., ZHANG Q., YU Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/11
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 59
• Formats : PDF

Calculation of maximum length of directly-buried cooling pipeline in cooling base station.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : TAN C., HU H., ZHANG C., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/12
• Languages : Chinese
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 45 - n. 312
• Formats : PDF

Health management system for compressors in hydrogen refueling stations based on non-destructive fault diagnosis method.

• Author(s) : LI X., PENG X., CHEN D., JIA X.
• Publication date: 2022/07/15
• Languages : English
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 26^th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

An energetical, exergetical and experimental analysis of an absorption-heat exchanger used as transfer sub-station in an already existing district heating grid.

• Author(s) : ZOTTER G., EBERHÖFER D., SEIDNITZER-GALLIEN C.
• Publication date: 2023/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: 14^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2023, Chicago, Illinois.
• Formats : PDF

Proposal and design of a natural gas liquefaction process recovering the energy obtained from the pressure reducing stations of high-pressure pipelines.

• Author(s) : TAN H., ZHAO Q., SUN N., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/09
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics - vol. 80

Ventilation and deodorization system optimization of a wastewater treatment plant.

• Author(s) : CASACA C., HENRIQUES N., NUNES E. A. V., SIMOES T. A.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : Afrikaans
• Source: XI Congreso Ibérico y IX Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, CYTEF 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Energy consumption model of integrated air conditioner with thermosyphon in mobile phone base station.

• Author(s) : HAN L., SHI W., WANG B., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 40
• Formats : PDF

Briefs: 1905: St Michel station the Parisian Métro

Today, freezing is widely used in tunnel construction. However, it was recent technology in 1905 when line No. 4 of the Parisian Métro system was under construction. This was the first line built under the Seine and the works proved difficult...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Briefs: 1905: St Michel station the Parisian Métro

Today, freezing is widely used in tunnel construction. However, it was recent technology in 1905 when line No. 4 of the Parisian Métro system was under construction. This was the first line built under the Seine and the works proved difficult...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Over 700 LNG stations for road transport in Europe

The Natural & bio Gas Vehicle Association (NGVA Europe) has identified 707 LNG stations in Europe and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries.

• Publication date : 2023/11/10
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Over 650 LNG stations for road transport in Europe

The Natural & bio Gas Vehicle Association (NGVA Europe) has identified 664 LNG stations in Europe and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries.

• Publication date : 2023/04/24
• Subjects: Figures, economy

A milestone for road transport: 500 LNG stations in Europe

As of February 2022, the Natural & bio Gas Vehicle Association (NGVA Europe) has identified 500 LNG stations in Europe and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)...

• Publication date : 2022/03/21
• Subjects: Figures, economy

News from the space: ammonia air conditioning for International Space Station

Astronauts from the space shuttle Discovery completed a 6-hour spacewalk outside the International Space Station in September 2009, installing a new ammonia refrigerant tank. They removed an 816 kg ammonia tank from a cargo carrier attached to the...

• Publication date : 2009/12/09

China: World's largest indoor ski resort applies energy saving measures

Shanghai’s new indoor ski resort relies heavily on refrigeration technologies, including 33 snow-making machines to feed the pistes.

• Publication date : 2024/11/06
• Subjects: General information

Briefs: Magnetic-levitation bearing system

The world's first large tonnage magnetic-levitation bearing air-cooled chiller for air conditioning is being installed in the American Embassy in Tokyo. The 2520-kW chiller plant consists of 12 MagLev Chiller modules. OBO, which installed it,...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Design and operation of district heating and cooling systems supplied by renewable energy sources

A report published by the European Commission analyses 8 efficient district heating and cooling systems in different Member States.  

• Publication date : 2021/03/29

Dehydrofreezing of apples

A recent study focuses on a freezing process for partially dehydrated apples.

• Publication date : 2017/07/31

New Zealand: consultation on future licensing regime for refrigeration technicians

The New Zealand National Committee of the IIR participated in the MBIE consultations in order to seek comments on the proposed refrigeration technicians licensing regime.

• Publication date : 2020/02/06
• Subjects: Regulation

Heat pump market in the german new residential buildings

According to the German Federal Bureau of Statistics, the share of heat pumps used as primary heating device for newly constructed residential buildings was 32,2% in 2013 - a gain of 2% compared to 2012.

• Publication date : 2014/10/23
• Subjects: Figures, economy

EU F-gas Consultation Forum: alternatives to fluorinated gases exist for single-split air conditioners

A document published by this forum underlines that it now seems possible to avoid the use of fluorinated gases in new small single split air conditioners by replacing them with propane, unless prohibition...

• Publication date : 2021/01/26
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Spacewalkers replace the cooling pumps of the ISS cosmic particle detector

Two astronauts just finished successfully repairing the cooling pumps of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer fitted to the International Space Station.

• Publication date : 2020/02/06

Innovative system to cool spacecraft on long missions

An innovative cooling system developed by a team of mechanical engineers has proven successful in testing aboard the International Space Station.

• Publication date : 2018/05/17

Invitation: IIR Seminar on the "Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries"

The IIR is delighted to invite you to the IIR Seminar on the "Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries” and an IIR Working Group meeting on The Cold Chain in Hot Countries.

• Publication date : 2016/09/21

Your invitation: United Nations Food Systems Summit 2021

The UN has invited the Director General of the IIR to present key data from two of its Informatory Notes during the Food Systems Summit 2021 to take place on September 20.

• Publication date : 2021/09/13
• Subjects: Environment, Technology

Invitation to join the IIR working group: Solid-state cooling and heating

Established last year, this latest IIR working group aims to promote international research collaboration to provide energy efficient and environmentally friendly solutions for a variety of solid-state...

• Publication date : 2023/05/02
• Subjects: Technology

The IIR participated in the EC consultation on the F-gas Regulation

In response to the European Commission (EC) consultation, the IIR sent comments on an EC report on the application, effects and adequacy of the F-gas Regulation.

• Publication date : 2012/02/08
• Subjects: Regulation

A new version of the ATP Agreement

The new version on the international carriage of perishable foodstuffs and on the special equipment to be used for such carriage became effective from 30 September 2015. The IIR was involved in this process thanks to its Commission D2...

• Publication date : 2015/10/20

IIR Sub-Commission D2 CERTE news

A new president and a meeting in Germany for this very active IIR Sub-Commission on test stations (refrigerated transport).

• Publication date : 2018/05/17

IIR member news: Engie

Engie (formerly GDF SUEZ) LNG Solutions has opened the first Liquefied Natural Gas filling station for trucks at Leeuwarden in the north of the Netherlands.

• Publication date : 2015/06/18

New IIR Working Groups focus on core matters in refrigeration

IIR Working Groups (WGs) operate on a temporary basis and bring together specialists to work on projects concerning current technological, social or economic issues linked to refrigeration. Their aim is to promote development, provide knowledge...

• Publication date : 2018/10/02

IIR Working Group publishes Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance

The Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) provide a harmonised method to calculate the LCCP for all types of stationary air conditioning, heat pumping and refrigeration systems.

• Publication date : 2016/01/27

News from IIR members: Danfoss & LOGSTOR

Danfoss and LOGSTOR establish alliance to market and offer energy-efficient district cooling solutions. They have now joined forces to apply their technologies and expertise in the district cooling sector. Together with selected industry partners...

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

Commission D2: at the forefront of refrigerated transport

Coordinated by the IIR Science and Technology Council, Commission D2 is aimed at promoting knowledge of refrigerated transport technology worldwide.

• Publication date : 2016/03/09

Briefs: CERTE Sub-Commission meeting

The annual meeting of Sub-Commission (SC) D2 on Refrigerated Transport (CERTE), which took place in Prague, Czech Republic, was the occasion to discuss numerous technical questions on tests. It was decided to enlarge the scope of the SC and...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Obituary: Rui Telmo Nobre

Mr Rui Telmo Nobre was the chairman of the UNECE Working Party on Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs and involved in the work of the IIR CERTE Sub-Commission.

• Publication date : 2020/02/06

IIR Congress 2023: The programme is now available!

The exciting 5-day programme of the upcoming IIR Congress 2023 includes 600 scientific papers, 1 plenary address, 14 keynote speakers, 21 workshops and 3 technical tours. 

• Publication date : 2023/06/29
• Subjects: General information

Obituary: S. Forbes Pearson

Dr S  Forbes Pearson, one of the most famous IIR person, passed away. The IIR presents its deepest sympathy and sincerest condolences to his family and relatives.

• Publication date : 2024/03/28

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction