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Frozen and defrosted fruit revealed with X-ray dark-field radiography.

• Author(s) : NIELSEN M. S., CHRISTENSEN L. B., FEIDENHANS'L R.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thawing, X-ray, Frozen food, Fruit
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 39

IIR document

X-ray micro-tomography to quantify frozen ice cream structure.

• Author(s) : ALVAREZ G., CANTRE D., VERBOVEN P., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Structure, X-ray, Frozen food, Expérimentation, Ice cream
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Characterization of sorbet microstructure by using X-Ray microtomography.

• Author(s) : MASSELOT V., BOSC V., BENKHELIFA H.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice, Bubble, X-ray, Air, Stabilizer, Sorbet, Expérimentation, Crystal, Freezing
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Applicability of X-ray microtomography for characterizing the microstructure of frozen apple during storage.

• Author(s) : VICENT V., NDOYE F. T., VERBOVEN P., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Structure, Imaging, X-ray, Apple, Freezing
• Source: 4^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Auckland, New Zealand, April 7-9, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The effect of supercooling on ice structure in tuna meat observed by using X-ray computed tomography.

• Author(s) : KOBAYASHI R., KIMIZUKA N., WATANABE M., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Structure, Ice, Tuna, X-ray, Supercooling, Expérimentation, Crystal, Freezing
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 60
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

X-ray CT-based CFD study to investigate the cooling process of packed pear fruit.

• Author(s) : GRUYTERS W., WANG Z., VERBOVEN P., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CFD, Temperature, Chilling, X-ray, Air, Fresh produce, Pear, Expérimentation, Packaging
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of dynamic storage temperatures on microstructure of frozen carrot imaged by X-ray Computed Tomography.

• Author(s) : VICENT V., NDOYE F. T., VERBOVEN P., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice, Carrot, Temperature, X-ray, Frozen food, Cold storage, Crystallization, Crystal
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Missions use new approaches to control cryogenic costs.

• Author(s) : SHIRRON P.
• Publication date: 2015/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Infrared, X-ray, Space, Cryocooler, Cryogenics
• Source: Cold Facts - vol. 31 - n. 3

IIR document

Influence of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation supplied with or without intermittency on the size of ice crystals during an innovative freezing process.

• Author(s) : ROUAUD O., SADOT M., CHEVALLIER S., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice, Microwave, Measurement, X-ray, Expérimentation, Crystal, Freezing
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigating the microstructure of frozen foods using X-ray microtomography: a comparative study.

• Author(s) : NDOYE F. T., BOUABDALLAH A., BENKHELIFA H.
• Publication date: 2022/04/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 7^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (Online). Proceedings: April 11-13 2022
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of supercooled freezing methods on ice structure observed by X-ray CT.

• Author(s) : KOBAYASHI R., KIMIZUKA N., SUZUKI T., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/06/23
• Languages : English
• Source: 3^rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: London, UK, June 23-25, 2014
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Understanding the impact of freezing and storage on the microstructure of a porous food using synchrotron X-rays microtomography.

• Author(s) : BENKHELIFA H., ZENNOUNE A., LATIL P., FLIN F., GEINDREAU C., NDOYE F. T.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigating the evolution of the microstructure of stored chicken breast at different superchilling conditions using X-Ray micro-computed tomography.

• Author(s) : EL ABDI N., ALVAREZ G., NDOYE F. T.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Magnetocaloric effect suppression induced by mechanical milling on intermetallic DyCO2.

• Author(s) : PAULA V. G. de, GOMES SILVA M., SILVA L. M. da, et al.
• Publication date: 2016/09/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 7^th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VII). Proceedings: Turin, Italy, September 11-14, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Structural and magnetic properties of Mn38Fe22Al40-xBx alloys.

• Author(s) : GUO Q., OU Z. Q., BAO L. H., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/09/07
• Languages : English
• Source: 6^th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VI). Proceedings: Victoria, Canada, September 7-10, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

Out of the ordinary: Dreamlands exhibition

One of the exhibits at the Dreamlands exhibition currently showing at the Centre Pompidou in Paris is Kader Attia's skyscrapers. The shimmering skyscrapers are in fact exquisitely decorated refrigerators. It's all done with mirrors… and...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Out of the ordinary: Electrolux Bio Robot Refrigerator on biopolymer gel

Electrolux has finally unveiled its avant-garde Bio Robot Refrigerator concept within the context of its 2010 Electrolux Design Lab final. Designed by Yuriy Dmitriev, the refrigerator works on the principle of biopolymer, so there is no air that...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

Out of ordinary: Ötzi’s curse?

Ötzi's curse? Tests run on Ötzi the iceman, the world's oldest and best-preserved mummy, show signs of decomposition. X-rays show grey spots on one knee, indicating gas formation caused by bacteria. The South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

France: The HFC tax plan defered to January 1, 2019.

A video excerpt of the French finance commission informs the debate on taxes on HFCs.

• Publication date : 2017/11/02
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives, Environment

CERN’s 50th anniversary

On October 19, 2004, CERN (Centre Européen de Recherche Nucléaire: European Organization for Nuclear Research) will officially celebrate its 50th anniversary in a ceremony to be attended by the Spanish, French and Swiss Heads of State, along with...

• Publication date : 2004/11/19

Events: Cemagref’s anniversary

Cemagref, a French agricultural and environmental engineering research organization and benefactor member of the IIR is 25 years old and held a lecture and ceremony at the Ministry of Research in Paris on October 10, 2006 to mark the occasion....

• Publication date : 2006/11/15

Out of the ordinary: The world’s first refrigerated beach!

Versace, the renowned fashion house, is to create the world's first cooled beach so that hotel guests can walk comfortably across the sand on scorching days. The beach will be next to the new Palazzo Versace Hotel which is being built in Dubai,...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

African AC market begins to shine.

Air conditioner exports from China to Africa increased by 19% in the first half of 2016.

• Publication date : 2017/03/02
• Subjects: Figures, economy

New cryogenic refrigerator to deep-freeze chips

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a compact, solid-state refrigerator capable of reaching very low temperatures (as low as 100 milliKelvin). The refrigerator works using a "sandwich" of normal-...

• Publication date : 2004/05/25

The refrigeration sector celebrates International Women's Day and World Engineering Day

Engineers and technicians make up the bulk of the workforce in the refrigeration and heat pump sector, a growing sector in which all professions are accessible to women.

• Publication date : 2024/03/08
• Subjects: Figures, economy

The hidden cold chain behind Valentine’s Day roses

The average journey of a Valentine’s rose, from harvesting in South America to the point of sale in the US, is 10-12 days during which the role of refrigeration is essential.

• Publication date : 2019/02/28

Successful test of the cryogenic engine to be used to launch India's second moon mission

The Indian Space Research Organisation has successfully tested the Cryogenic Engine CE-20, which will power GSLV Mk-III, the launch vehicle for Chandrayaan-2, India's second lunar exploration mission.

• Publication date : 2018/11/22

Rare earths for spatial measurements.

Researchers from ECA-INAC developed a small cryorefrigerator, replacing liquid helium by a more efficient rare-earths based material.

• Publication date : 2014/11/27

Visualization of artificial proteins with cryo-electron microscopy

A team of researchers managed to visualize the atomic structure of peptoids.

• Publication date : 2019/12/30

Cooling the ATST solar telescope

The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST), currently under construction on the Pacific island of Maui, will be the world’s largest solar telescope, able to provide the sharpest views ever taken of the solar surface

• Publication date : 2014/09/19

Obituary: Maxime Duminil

The IIR expresses its sincere condolences to the family and relatives of Maxime Duminil, who died at the age of 96. 

• Publication date : 2021/03/29

Next Generation Cooling: World Refrigeration Day Announces 2023 Theme

Titled "Next Generation Cooling", the WRD 2023 campaign will focus on the future of cooling technology, the industry, the people working within it, and those that benefit from cooling.

• Publication date : 2023/05/27
• Subjects: Environment

Brief: IOR's Anniversary

Over 900 persons attended the UK Institute of Refrigeration (IOR)'s 106th Anniversary Dinner which was held on February 8, 2006 at Grosvenour House Hotel, London, appropriately in the ballroom, a former ice skating rink. In his speech, the...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

HARFKO and KRAIA’s anniversary

The 7th HARFKO, organized by KRAIA (Korea Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Industry Association) was held in Seoul on May 25-27, 2005 and attracted 160 exhibitors and visitors from 20 countries. Myriam Armengaud and Susan Phalippou ran the IIR's...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Brief: The IIR’s 100th anniversary

The IIR, along with several national refrigeration associations, will be 100 years old in 2008 (the first International Congress of Refrigeration took place in 1908). The French Refrigeration Association (AFF) will organize several events and a...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Brief: The IIR’s 100th anniversary

The IIR, along with several national refrigeration associations, will be 100 years old in 2008 (the first International Congress of Refrigeration took place in 1908). The French Refrigeration Association (AFF) will organize several events and a...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Professor Arhkarov's birthday

This month, Prof. Alexey M. Arkharov, a well known scientist in the field of cryogenics, celebrated his 90th birthday.

• Publication date : 2021/01/29

What role does social media play in today’s refrigeration industry?

Today, social media has become an important tool of daily life for many across the globe in diverse fields and sectors. Learn how to reap the benefits of social media in your expertise.

• Publication date : 2016/04/13

News from IIR members: Nestlé

Nestlé is conducting unique research with the Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research in Switzerland (SLF) with a view to identifying the main mechanisms that alter the texture and structure of ice cream.

• Publication date : 2012/06/25

IIR Working Group on the Cold Chain in Warm Countries appoints a new chairperson

Newly appointed chairperson, Halima Thraya, will oversee and coordinate the various efforts and projects carried out by the Working Group.

• Publication date : 2015/06/03

Event update: 1st IIR-UNEP Joint Experts’ Round-Table on Cold Chain Management in Hot Climates

The IIR and UNEP organise a Joint Experts’ Round-Table on Cold Chain Management in Hot Climates.

• Publication date : 2016/06/08

Member news: Carrier Transicold's innovative electrical technologies for refrigerated transport

Carrier Transicold promotes a new all-electric and autonomous cooling system for semi-trailers that completes its 100% electric range. 

• Publication date : 2021/03/29

IIR Seminar in Tunis brings to the forefront the social and economic strategic importance of the cold chain

Recognising the social and economic importance of this issue on a global scale, the IIR organised a seminar on the Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries on October 25, 2016 in Tunis (Tunisia),...

• Publication date : 2016/12/14

The Norwegian Royal Ambassy visit to INDEE+ educational unit in IIT Madras

To acknowledge the efforts of INDEE+, the Norwegian Ambassador Hans Jacob Frydenlund, Arvind Gopinath (Honorary Consul), Ms. Marit Marie Strand (Advisor), Mr. Vivek (Senior Advisor) and other team members...

• Publication date : 2022/09/28

New IIR members

The IIR welcomes the following new members : Corporate members Frigor Service Réunion, Saint Pierre, Ile de la Réunion Veolia Environnement, Limay, France Private members Mr Jean-Pierre Bernard, France Mr Leonilton Tomaz Cleto,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)