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IIR document
X-ray micro-tomography to quantify frozen ice cream structure.
Characterization of sorbet microstructure by using X-Ray microtomography.
Applicability of X-ray microtomography for characterizing the microstructure of frozen apple during storage.
The effect of supercooling on ice structure in tuna meat observed by using X-ray computed tomography.
X-ray CT-based CFD study to investigate the cooling process of packed pear fruit.
Effect of dynamic storage temperatures on microstructure of frozen carrot imaged by X-ray Computed Tomography.
Missions use new approaches to control cryogenic costs.
Influence of 2.45 GHz microwave radiation supplied with or without intermittency on the size of ice crystals during an innovative freezing process.
Studying the solidification process of salt hydrates via X-ray computed tomography.
Investigating the microstructure of frozen foods using X-ray microtomography: a comparative study.
Understanding the impact of freezing and storage on the microstructure of a porous food using synchrotron X-rays microtomography.
Investigating the evolution of the microstructure of stored chicken breast at different superchilling conditions using X-Ray micro-computed tomography.
Magnetocaloric effect suppression induced by mechanical milling on intermetallic DyCO2.
Une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation de la microstructure interne de produits congelés.
A new method for characterising the internal microstructure of frozen products.
High porosity open-cell metal foam as potential candidate for space cryogenic radiator.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
1459 results
Out of the ordinary: Dreamlands exhibition
One of the exhibits at the Dreamlands exhibition currently showing at the Centre Pompidou in Paris is Kader Attia's skyscrapers. The shimmering skyscrapers are in fact exquisitely decorated refrigerators. It's all done with mirrors… and...
Out of the ordinary: Electrolux Bio Robot Refrigerator on biopolymer gel
Electrolux has finally unveiled its avant-garde Bio Robot Refrigerator concept within the context of its 2010 Electrolux Design Lab final. Designed by Yuriy Dmitriev, the refrigerator works on the principle of biopolymer, so there is no air that...
Out of ordinary: Ötzi’s curse?
Ötzi's curse? Tests run on Ötzi the iceman, the world's oldest and best-preserved mummy, show signs of decomposition. X-rays show grey spots on one knee, indicating gas formation caused by bacteria. The South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in...
France: The HFC tax plan defered to January 1, 2019.
A video excerpt of the French finance commission informs the debate on taxes on HFCs.
Events: Cemagref’s anniversary
Cemagref, a French agricultural and environmental engineering research organization and benefactor member of the IIR is 25 years old and held a lecture and ceremony at the Ministry of Research in Paris on October 10, 2006 to mark the occasion....
CERN’s 50th anniversary
On October 19, 2004, CERN (Centre Européen de Recherche Nucléaire: European Organization for Nuclear Research) will officially celebrate its 50th anniversary in a ceremony to be attended by the Spanish, French and Swiss Heads of State, along with...
Out of the ordinary: The world’s first refrigerated beach!
Versace, the renowned fashion house, is to create the world's first cooled beach so that hotel guests can walk comfortably across the sand on scorching days. The beach will be next to the new Palazzo Versace Hotel which is being built in Dubai,...
African AC market begins to shine.
Air conditioner exports from China to Africa increased by 19% in the first half of 2016.
New cryogenic refrigerator to deep-freeze chips
Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have developed a compact, solid-state refrigerator capable of reaching very low temperatures (as low as 100 milliKelvin). The refrigerator works using a "sandwich" of normal-...
The refrigeration sector celebrates International Women's Day and World Engineering Day
Engineers and technicians make up the bulk of the workforce in the refrigeration and heat pump sector, a growing sector in which all professions are accessible to women.
The hidden cold chain behind Valentine’s Day roses
The average journey of a Valentine’s rose, from harvesting in South America to the point of sale in the US, is 10-12 days during which the role of refrigeration is essential.
Successful test of the cryogenic engine to be used to launch India's second moon mission
The Indian Space Research Organisation has successfully tested the Cryogenic Engine CE-20, which will power GSLV Mk-III, the launch vehicle for Chandrayaan-2, India's second lunar exploration mission.
Rare earths for spatial measurements.
Researchers from ECA-INAC developed a small cryorefrigerator, replacing liquid helium by a more efficient rare-earths based material.
Visualization of artificial proteins with cryo-electron microscopy
A team of researchers managed to visualize the atomic structure of peptoids.
Cooling the ATST solar telescope
The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST), currently under construction on the Pacific island of Maui, will be the world’s largest solar telescope, able to provide the sharpest views ever taken of the solar surface
IIR news
465 results
Obituary: Maxime Duminil
The IIR expresses its sincere condolences to the family and relatives of Maxime Duminil, who died at the age of 96.
Next Generation Cooling: World Refrigeration Day Announces 2023 Theme
Titled "Next Generation Cooling", the WRD 2023 campaign will focus on the future of cooling technology, the industry, the people working within it, and those that benefit from cooling.
Brief: IOR's Anniversary
Over 900 persons attended the UK Institute of Refrigeration (IOR)'s 106th Anniversary Dinner which was held on February 8, 2006 at Grosvenour House Hotel, London, appropriately in the ballroom, a former ice skating rink. In his speech, the...
HARFKO and KRAIA’s anniversary
The 7th HARFKO, organized by KRAIA (Korea Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Industry Association) was held in Seoul on May 25-27, 2005 and attracted 160 exhibitors and visitors from 20 countries. Myriam Armengaud and Susan Phalippou ran the IIR's...
Brief: The IIR’s 100th anniversary
The IIR, along with several national refrigeration associations, will be 100 years old in 2008 (the first International Congress of Refrigeration took place in 1908). The French Refrigeration Association (AFF) will organize several events and a...
Professor Arhkarov's birthday
This month, Prof. Alexey M. Arkharov, a well known scientist in the field of cryogenics, celebrated his 90th birthday.
What role does social media play in today’s refrigeration industry?
Today, social media has become an important tool of daily life for many across the globe in diverse fields and sectors. Learn how to reap the benefits of social media in your expertise.
News from IIR members: Nestlé
Nestlé is conducting unique research with the Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research in Switzerland (SLF) with a view to identifying the main mechanisms that alter the texture and structure of ice cream.
IIR Working Group on the Cold Chain in Warm Countries appoints a new chairperson
Newly appointed chairperson, Halima Thraya, will oversee and coordinate the various efforts and projects carried out by the Working Group.
Event update: 1st IIR-UNEP Joint Experts’ Round-Table on Cold Chain Management in Hot Climates
The IIR and UNEP organise a Joint Experts’ Round-Table on Cold Chain Management in Hot Climates.
Member news: Carrier Transicold's innovative electrical technologies for refrigerated transport
Carrier Transicold promotes a new all-electric and autonomous cooling system for semi-trailers that completes its 100% electric range.
IIR Seminar in Tunis brings to the forefront the social and economic strategic importance of the cold chain
Recognising the social and economic importance of this issue on a global scale, the IIR organised a seminar on the Logistics For Transport Of Foodstuffs Under Controlled Temperatures In Hot Countries on October 25, 2016 in Tunis (Tunisia),...
The Norwegian Royal Ambassy visit to INDEE+ educational unit in IIT Madras
To acknowledge the efforts of INDEE+, the Norwegian Ambassador Hans Jacob Frydenlund, Arvind Gopinath (Honorary Consul), Ms. Marit Marie Strand (Advisor), Mr. Vivek (Senior Advisor) and other team members...
New IIR members
The IIR welcomes the following new members : Corporate members Frigor Service Réunion, Saint Pierre, Ile de la Réunion Veolia Environnement, Limay, France Private members Mr Jean-Pierre Bernard, France Mr Leonilton Tomaz Cleto,...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
19 results
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
André Lebon
André Lebon (1859 – 1938). Membre fondateur de l’Association Internationale du Froid puis de l’Institut International du Froid
Kigali Amendment status per country
List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
For IIR members only
Global cold storage capacity
This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Events
6 results
IIR event
9th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain
April 12, 2026 - April 14, 2026
Istanbul, Türkiye (Republic)
Submit your abstract now! The 9th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC 2026)...
Find out more
Other event
21st International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG2026)
February 02, 2026 - February 05, 2026
Doha, Qatar
Submit your abstract by 29 May...
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
1st IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures
August 10, 2025 - August 13, 2025
Manchester, United Kingdom
The International Institute of Refrigeration is proud to announce that the first IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures will take place in Manchester, UK on 10-13 August 2025.
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
14th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems
September 08, 2025 - September 10, 2025
London, United Kingdom
On September 8-10, 2025, the 13th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems of City University of London will provide a forum for debate on developments in air, gas and refrigeration...
