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IIR document

Effect of pre-chilling time on the physicochemical properties of channel catfish during frozen storage.

• Author(s) : LIU S., TAO Y., LAN W., XIONG G., GAO R., DING A., LI X., WU W., QIAO Y., LI L., JIAO C.
• Publication date: 2020/07
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 115
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Modern, low charge ammonia systems for the cold chain.

• Author(s) : LAMB R.
• Publication date: 2016/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cold chain, Ammonia, Review, Refrigerant, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 4^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Auckland, New Zealand, April 7-9, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Phase change materials and their use in the cold chain.

• Author(s) : SASIDHARAN V.
• Publication date: 2014/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Generality, Cold chain, Building, PCM, Material, Solar energy, Change of phase
• Source: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Cold Chain - vol. 5 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

La chaîne du froid, maillon indispensable pour le commerce et la sécurité alimentaire.

The cold chain, a crucial link to trade and food security.

• Author(s) : CAVALIER G., EL HADJI S.
• Publication date: 2014
• Languages : French, English
• Keywords : Safety, Feeding, Cold chain, Hot climate
• Formats : PDF

Charge equation for low charge hydrocarbon based commercial refrigeration appliances.

• Author(s) : BEEK M. van, GORP T. van, et al.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R600a, Isobutane, Commercial application, R290, Propane, Modelling, Low charge, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Cold chain assessment: Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru 2014.

Cold chain assessment: Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru 2014.

• Author(s) : GCCA, USDA
• Publication date: 2015
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Retail trade, Peru, Food, Ecuador, Cold chain, Bolivia, Import

IIR document

Use of phase change materials (PCM) to keep superchilled temperatures in consumer packages through the cold chain.

• Author(s) : INDERGÅRD E., NORDTVEDT T. S., BANTLE M., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/06/23
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cold chain, Temperature, Superchilling, Material, Fluctuation, Expérimentation, Change of phase
• Source: 3^rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: London, UK, June 23-25, 2014
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Hot water heat pump with low-charge propane refrigerant.

• Author(s) : WINTHEREIK F. P., PEDERSEN P. H., LAURIDSEN T.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Domestic water, Domestic heat pump, Hot water, Low charge, Propane, Energy efficiency, Condenser, Modelling, Thermodynamic property, Prototype, Testing, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Shaping the Cold Chain of the Future: The Road to Net Zero. Part two - Defining a Net Zero Cold Chain.

• Author(s) : COLD CHAIN FEDERATION
• Publication date: 2020/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Carbon footprint, CO2 emission, Cold chain, United Kingdom
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Efficient very low charged ammonia systems.

• Author(s) : HRNJAK P.
• Publication date: 2017/05/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Industrial application, Safety, Chiller, R717, Urban environment, Low charge, Development, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 7^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, May 11-13, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

Cold chain management concepts.

• Author(s) : MAITRA S.
• Publication date: 2016/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Generality, Cold chain, Management, Efficiency, Microbiological quality, India, Cost
• Source: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Cold Chain - vol. 7 - n. 4
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Low charge packaged ammonia refrigeration systems.

• Author(s) : LAMB R.
• Publication date: 2017/05/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Safety, Design, R717, Low charge, Refrigerant charge
• Source: 7^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, May 11-13, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

Low charge ammonia systems.

• Author(s) : RAGHAVAN K.
• Publication date: 2017/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Generality, Safety, Chiller, R717, Ammonia, Low charge
• Source: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Cold Chain - vol. 8 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

Cold chain development for fruits & vegetables in india. Kinnow cold chain study. Part 1.

• Author(s) : CARRIER TRANSICOLD INDIA
• Publication date: 2017/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Precooling, Generality, Road transport, Cold chain, Citrus fruit, India, Cold storage, Distribution
• Source: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Journal, Cold Chain - vol. 8 - n. 2
• Formats : PDF

Tendances novatrices dans la chaîne du froid alimentaire.

New trends in cold chain for food.

• Author(s) : CAVALIER G.
• Publication date: 2015/11
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Technology, Outlook, Food, Cold chain, Performance, Energy efficiency, Insulation
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - vol. 104 - n. 1154

Doors on supermarket refrigerators inhibit shoppers

A shopping research company from the UK studied the impact that doors on supermarket refrigerators have on consumers' behaviour.

• Publication date : 2018/06/26

Challenges for post-pandemic food cold chain

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed several shortcomings in the global food cold chain. In the aftermath of the pandemic, investment in the cold chain is necessary to maximise access to food and reduce waste....

• Publication date : 2020/09/06

Meeting the challenge of a sustainable global food cold chain

A recent report published by UNEP and FAO includes several important recommendations on how to develop more sustainable food cold chains. 

• Publication date : 2022/12/15
• Subjects: General information

The challenge of cold chain breaches in a medical setting

In an article published in the Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, researchers from the University of Canberra highlight the need for further research into the preservation of medicines and the maintenance of the cold chain.

• Publication date : 2018/08/08

The challenge of the COVID-19 vaccines cold chain in Africa

A large proportion of African countries do not have the necessary infrastructure for the storage of vaccines at low temperatures. Solar cooling can be a solution in rural areas. 

• Publication date : 2021/02/23
• Subjects: Developing country

Data centres: the challenges of energy-efficient chip cooling

Innovative liquid cooling solutions are under development to further reduce energy consumption in the ever-growing number of data centres. 

• Publication date : 2024/01/26
• Subjects: Technology

The strong growth of the cold chain in China

Supported by five-year development plans, the field of cold chain logistics is growing strongly in China, as illustrated by the 17% increase in cold storage capacity in 2020 compared to the previous...

• Publication date : 2022/03/29

Cold chain news: India’s growing cold chain

With a 63.5-million-tonne annual production of fruit, 105-million-tonne annual production of milk, India is the largest fruit and milk producer in the world. It is also the second vegetable producer in the world with an annual production of 125.89...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Food cold chain optimisation

An Australian report focuses on the improvement of temperature monitoring in the food cold chain to enhance energy productivity.

• Publication date : 2017/08/11

Brazilian cold chain panorama

An article from the International Journal of Refrigeration presents a few figures about the infrastructure, energy sources and expenditure of the Brazilian cold chain.

• Publication date : 2018/06/22
• Subjects: Figures, economy

The global cold chain market

The global cold chain market growth expected at a CAGR of 15.9 percent during the 2013-2018 period.

• Publication date : 2013/12/31

The European cold chain market

European cold chain market to reach over USD 57 billion by 2019, according to a new Technavio report.

• Publication date : 2015/11/03
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Chilled food cold chain in France

Results of a cold chain study in France carried out in 2013 within the European FRISBEE project were published in the International Journal of Refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2015/11/13

China cold chain figures (en anglais)

Over 1 billion of perishable food is consumed in China every year, of this over 50% needs to be transported by cold chain.

• Publication date : 2017/06/19
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Food waste and the cold chain

The book “Food Foolish” by J. M. Mandick and E. B. Schultz calls attention to the extraordinary social and environmental opportunities created by wasting less food and the central role of the cold chain in this context.

• Publication date : 2016/05/18

News from IIR members: Michael Bellstedt

Michael Bellstedt is taking over from Stephen White as Delegate of Australia to the IIR and Chair of the Australian National Committee for the IIR. The IIR expresses its gratitude to Stephen for his actions in favour of the IIR.

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

The Cold Chain: A logistical challenge at the heart of the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine 

Gérald Cavalier - President of the Science and Technology Council of the International Institute of Refrigeration, President of the French Association of Refrigeration, President of the Cemafroid...

• Publication date : 2020/11/23
• Subjects: General information, Technology

ICCC 2020: The most important international cold chain event of the year!

Register today to the IIR Cold Chain Conference 2020. A biennial event of the IIR, the ICCC conference series is recognised worldwide as a cutting-edge event on the cold chain.

• Publication date : 2019/12/30

IIR Working Group on the Cold Chain in Warm Countries appoints a new chairperson

Newly appointed chairperson, Halima Thraya, will oversee and coordinate the various efforts and projects carried out by the Working Group.

• Publication date : 2015/06/03

A date with Cold Chain Forum in Paris!

Cold Chain Forum is waiting to meet you on October 23 & 24 2013 at la Grande Halle de la Villette, in Paris.

• Publication date : 2013/09/18

IIR/UNEP Cold Chain Technology Brief on Vaccines

The IIR and the UN Environment programme have jointly developed the cold chain technology brief on vaccines dedicated to government National Ozone Officers, policy makers, and refrigeration stakeholders. The...

• Publication date : 2021/09/08

Cold Chain Technology Briefs: Now available in French and Spanish

Originally published in English, the IIR-UNEP OzonAction Cold Chain Technology Briefs have been translated into two additional languages.

• Publication date : 2020/05/26
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Developing country, Technology

Highlights: IIR Cold Chain Conference 2020 Welcomed Over 140 Participants

Offering both on site and online access, the 6th IIR Cold Chain conference was the first ever hybrid IIR conference!

• Publication date : 2020/09/03

COOL-SAVE at the Cold Chain Forum

As project partner, the IIR has facilitated the organization of a COOL-SAVE workshop at the Cold Chain Forum held on October 23-24, 2013 at the Grande Halle de la Villette in Paris.

• Publication date : 2014/02/07

New IIR Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain

The IIR has just issued a new Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain. It highlights the food safety and environmental benefits of an improved global cold chain. 

• Publication date : 2021/04/29
• Subjects: Developing country

Professionals, participate in a questionnaire on the cold chain of COVID-19 vaccines (in French)

The AFF (French Association of Refrigeration) has just posted a short online questionnaire for vaccines cold chain professionals in order to enrich the work of its...

• Publication date : 2021/10/25
• Subjects: Regulation, Technology

Cold Chain Forum

Cold Chain Forum will be held in Paris on October 19-20, 2011. The IIR is one of the partners endorsing this event with a focus on energy efficiency in the cold chain, innovation and breakthrough technology, the impact of regulatory trends on...

• Publication date : 2011/08/09

New IIR Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain

The IIR has just issued a new Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain. It highlights the food safety and environmental benefits of an improved global cold chain.

• Publication date : 2021/06/07
• Subjects: Developing country, Environment, Technology

Call for papers: 3rd International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain

A call for papers has been announced for the upcoming IIR conference on sustainability and the cold chain in June 2014. Particularly welcome are papers showcasing UK and international innovation in the cold-chain, and practical case studies on the...

• Publication date : 2013/08/08

Call for nominations: Sustainable cold chains virtual exhibition

Call for nominations for sustainable cold chain technologies and approaches.

• Publication date : 2021/09/13
• Subjects: Environment, Technology

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)