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Insulating foam. Fact Sheet 13.
Phasing-out HCFCs in small and medium-sized foam enterprises.
IIR document
A novel measurement system for dense foam using a single-tip optical fiber probe.
Optimization of foam characteristics for falling film evaporators.
Experimental investigation on water drainage characteristics of open-cell metal foams with different wettabilities.
High porosity open-cell metal foam as potential candidate for space cryogenic radiator.
Influence of surface wettability on liquid drainage characteristics of metal foams under sloshing conditions.
Research on the Mixing Mechanism and Parameter Optimization of Liquid Nitrogen Foam Generator.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Low GWP HFO solutions for HVAC&R and foam applications.
Experimental investigation on buoyancy-induced convection in aluminum metal foams.
Solidification performance enhancement of encapsulated ice storage system by fins and copper foam.
Development of mass production type rigid polyurethane foam for LNG carrier using ozone depletion free blowing agent.
Development and tests of loop heat pipe with multi-layer metal foams as wick structure.
Experimental study of boiling heat transfer characteristics of metal foam porous-wall mini-channels.
Ageing of insulated marine containers with polyurethane foam expanded with cyclopentane.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
469 results
DuPont develops a new foam expansion agent
FEA-1100, DuPont’s latest foam expansion agent, has an excellent environmental profile. It is characterized by zero ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential (9.4). DuPont indicates that FEA-1100 has a short atmospheric lifetime:...
UK: hydrocarbon-blown insulation foam to be considered as hazardous waste
The UK Environment Agency has advised that all waste refrigerator insulation foam produced using a hydrocarbon blowing agent should be considered highly flammable and, as such, should be classified as hazardous waste.
Foam blowing agents: use of R1233zd(E) is expanding
Honeywell announced that TCL, one of China’s largest appliance manufacturers, selected HFO1233zd(E) as foam blowing agent in its domestic refrigerators.
A new non-flammable mixture to boost the performance of CO2 systems
In a recent IJR article, researchers propose combining R744 with Dimethyl-ether (DME) to boost system performance while ensuring safety and low environmental impact, in a recent IJR...
Cooling computer chips by laser light for improved performance and energy efficiency
A US-based research consortium is working on developing a laser-based photonic cooling technology to both improve computer processor performance and either replace or complement water- and air- based cooling...
Latest news on the regulation of flammable refrigerants
Because many alternative low-GWP refrigerants are flammable, the evolution of the regulation governing these refrigerants is an issue that gives rise to many debates and initiatives.
State of the art on the flammability of HFOs
An article recently published in the IJR reviews the flammability characteristics of 48 HFOs and blends for various experimental conditions.
US: intensification of research on refrigerant flammability
AHRI has set up a subcommittee to conduct a review of the safety issues around mildly flammable refrigerants.
Flammability hazards of air conditioners using R290 (propane)
R290 (propane) attracts a lot of interest as a replacement refrigerant of high-GWP HFCs for household air conditioners, due to its negligible GWP, favourable system performance and relatively low cost. However, it raises some questions due to its...
Best practice guide for flammable refrigerant use
AREA, ASERCOM, EFCTC and EPEE have joined together to prepare a leaflet urging contractors to prepare for a future with flammable refrigerants.
Flammable refrigerants: the IEC approves the charge increase in commercial refrigeration
The International Electrotechnical Commission rejected in April a proposal to increase the charge limit of flammable refrigerants in the commercial refrigeration. But a recount has just reversed the decision.
Adoption of long-awaited standard for flammable refrigerants
International Electrotechnical Commission standard approves increased charge of flammable refrigerants in domestic installations.
Australia: Code of Practice for Flammable Refrigerants
Faced with the rising use of flammable refrigerants, AIRAH has issued a draft Code of Practice for handling these gases.
A new leak detection system for flammable refrigerants
A team of researchers has recently developed and tested a leak detection system for small equipment working with R290. Using ultrasound, it detects leaks effectively and at a lower cost than conventional...
Flammable ice: the answer to Japan’s energy drought?
Flammable ice (or methane hydrate) could represent an interesting alternative to fossil fuels in Japan, since vast amounts of methane hydrate can be found buried deep under the ocean around the country.
IIR news
234 results
Discover the 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants”
The 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants” provides a comprehensive introduction to matters such as flammability characteristics, classifications and governing rules such as safety standards and regulations covering the entire...
New IIR Informatory Note on non-uniform environment
A non-uniform indoor environment can reconcile the demand for a healthy and comfortable environment and the objective of low carbon emissions.
Discover the 32nd IIR Informatory Note on the “Harmonization of Life Cycle Climate Performance Methodology”
This Informatory Note summarises the LCCP guidelines prepared by the Working Group. It provides recommended assumptions and data sources for different types of units, presents the various existing LCCP tools and outlines usages and limitations of...
Two IIR Informatory Notes on hot topics
The IIR has recently published two Informatory Notes on high-stakes subjects: flammable refrigerants and the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence in refrigeration and air...
New publications: Informatory Note
The IIR has issued a new Informatory Note, RFID for Cold Chain Applications, prepared by Silvia Estrada-Flores, member of IIR Commission D2, and David Tanner, President of the IIR's Science and Technology Council. It presents an overview of the...
New IIR Informatory Note
The IIR has issued a new Informatory Note, The Role of Refrigeration in Worldwide Nutrition, prepared by Jean-Luc Dupont and reviewed by Silvia Estrada-Flores, David Tanner, Don Cleland, Gerald Cavalier and Robert Heap. It presents an overview of...
New IIR publication: Informatory Note
The IIR has published the 3rd Informatory Note on Refrigeration and Food "Temperature Indicators and Time-Temperature Integrators", written by Leif Bøgh-Sørensen, past President of IIR Commission C2, and Göran Löndahl, member of IIR Commission C2,...
Briefs: Information for IIR members
As an IIR Member, commission Member or representative of an IIR member country, you are entitled to receive proceedings of IIR conferences. Please select on line the proceedings you would like to receive in 2007 on the
New IIR Informatory Note: “Whole Body Cryotherapy/Cryostimulation”
Learn about the latest advances and the challenges related to these rapidly developing techniques.
New IIR Informatory Note on Containment of Refrigerants
Currently available for IIR members only, the 24th IIR Informatory Note “Containment of Refrigerants within Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems” is out.
New IIR Publication: Legionella's IIR Informatory Note
18th IIR Informatory Note on Refrigeration Technologies: Evaporative Cooling and Legionella: Preventing Legionellosis by using Good Practice Consult it: www.iifiir.org
New IIR Informatory Note on evaporative cooling
The latest IIR Informatory Note highlights that evaporative cooling is an energy-efficient technology that has many applications in air conditioning but also in short-term food storage.
New IIR Informatory Note on Solar Cooling
Discover the latest IIR Informatory Note that provides a detailed analysis of solar cooling: an environmentally friendly and promising technology.
New IIR Informatory Note on passive cooling
The IIR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that passive cooling technologies can contribute significantly to reducing energy demand for air conditioning.
New IIR Informatory Note on Renewable Energy
The latest IIR Informatory Note stresses that renewable energy sources can be considered practically inexhaustible and are currently the only solution for an ecological transition to clean...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
14 results
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
For IIR members only
Global cold storage capacity
This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
Events
7 results
Other event
21st International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG2026)
February 02, 2026 - February 05, 2026
Doha, Qatar
Submit your abstract by 29 May...
Find out more
IIR event
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
IIR World Refrigeration Day 2025 Event
June 18, 2025
Paris, France
Introduction The 2025 IIR World Refrigeration Day event brings together key decision-makers from governments, industry, academia and partner international organisations to foster dialogue and...
27th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration
August 21, 2027 - August 27, 2027
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Save the date! Information coming soon!
9th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain
April 12, 2026 - April 14, 2026
Istanbul, Türkiye (Republic)
Submit your abstract now! The 9th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC 2026)...
1st IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures
August 10, 2025 - August 13, 2025
Manchester, United Kingdom
Early bird registration extended until 1 June 2025! The International Institute of Refrigeration is proud to...
