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Insulating foam. Fact Sheet 13.

• Author(s) : ONU Environnement (ex-PNUE)
• Publication date: 2015/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Substitute, Foam, HFC, Insulation

Spray-on foam insulations for launch vehicle cryogenic tanks.

• Author(s) : FESMIRE J. E., COFFMAN B. E., MENEGHELLI B. J., et al.
• Publication date: 2012/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal conductivity, Cryotank, Foam, Testing, Space, Insulation, Cryogenics
• Source: Cryogenics - vol. 52 - n. 4-6

Thermal-hydraulic performance of metal foam heat exchangers.

• Author(s) : NAWAZ K., BOCK J., JACOBI A.
• Publication date: 2012/07/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal property, Metal, Heat transfer, Performance, Foam, Expérimentation, Heat exchanger
• Source: 2012 Purdue Conferences. 14th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Phasing-out HCFCs in small and medium-sized foam enterprises.

• Author(s) : MENG Q., LIU W., ZHANG P., et al.
• Publication date: 2015
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Regulations, Pacific, HCFC, Asia, Substitute, Foam, Industry, Environment

IIR document

R134a flow boiling inside a high porosity copper foam.

• Author(s) : DIANI A., MANCIN S., DORETTI L., et al.
• Publication date: 2013/06/17
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R134a, Electronics, Copper, Heat transfer, Foam, Expérimentation, Flow, Boiling
• Source: 4^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A novel measurement system for dense foam using a single-tip optical fiber probe.

• Author(s) : NIHEI A., MIZUSHIMA Y., SAITO T.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Measurement, Probe, Simulation, Foam, Optical fibre
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Optimization of foam characteristics for falling film evaporators.

• Author(s) : MANI A., ARJUN J.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Porosity, Horizontal tube, Metal, Heat transfer, Simulation, Permeability, Foam, Falling film, Evaporator
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation on water drainage characteristics of open-cell metal foams with different wettabilities.

• Author(s) : HU H., LAI Z., DING G., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Wettability, Dehumidification, Metal, Foam, Expérimentation, Heat exchanger
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 79
• Formats : PDF

Experimental measurements of air forced convection through copper foams.

• Author(s) : DIANI A., MANCIN S., ZILIO C., et al.
• Publication date: 2012/07/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat transfer coefficient, Copper, Heat transfer, Air, Foam, Expérimentation, Convection, Pressure drop
• Source: 2012 Purdue Conferences. 14th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

High porosity open-cell metal foam as potential candidate for space cryogenic radiator.

• Author(s) : DIXIT T., GHOSH I.
• Publication date: 2017/05/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Radiator, Metal, Heat transfer, Simulation, Foam, Space, Cryogenics
• Source: Cryogenics 2017. Proceedings of the 14^th IIR International Conference: Dresden, Germany, Mai 15-19, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Influence of surface wettability on liquid drainage characteristics of metal foams under sloshing conditions.

• Author(s) : HU H., ZHOU F., LAI Z., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Expérimentation, Modelling, Foam, Injection, LNG, Metal, Correlation, Wettability
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 106
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Low GWP HFO solutions for HVAC&R and foam applications.

• Author(s) : KIM S., COSTA J., CROSBY K., SWAN S., DAL BALCON G., MOLINA R., ABBAS L.
• Publication date: 2021/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : HFO, HFC, Azeotropic mixture, R516A, R1233zd(E), Foam, Chiller, Heat pump, Review
• Source: 2^nd IIR Conference on HFO Refrigerants and Low GWP Blends
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigation on buoyancy-induced convection in aluminum metal foams.

• Author(s) : BARBIERI M., DI ILIO G., PATANÈ F., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Fin, Correlation, Heat transfer, Aluminium, Foam, Mussel, Expérimentation, Darcy, Forced convection, Convection
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 76
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Solidification performance enhancement of encapsulated ice storage system by fins and copper foam.

• Author(s) : WANG H., XIANG H.
• Publication date: 2022/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Modelling, Ice, Energy storage, Foam, Metal, Solidification, Enhancement, PCM
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 134
• Formats : PDF

Development of mass production type rigid polyurethane foam for LNG carrier using ozone depletion free blowing agent.

• Author(s) : LEE Y., BAEK K. H., CHOE K., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Methane carrier, Polyurethane, Foam, LNG, Development
• Source: Cryogenics - vol. 80

DuPont develops a new foam expansion agent

FEA-1100, DuPont’s latest foam expansion agent, has an excellent environmental profile. It is characterized by zero ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential (9.4). DuPont indicates that FEA-1100 has a short atmospheric lifetime:...

• Publication date : 2011/06/08

UK: hydrocarbon-blown insulation foam to be considered as hazardous waste

The UK Environment Agency has advised that all waste refrigerator insulation foam produced using a hydrocarbon blowing agent should be considered highly flammable and, as such, should be classified as hazardous waste.

• Publication date : 2013/05/15

Foam blowing agents: use of R1233zd(E) is expanding

Honeywell announced that TCL, one of China’s largest appliance manufacturers, selected HFO1233zd(E) as foam blowing agent in its domestic refrigerators.

• Publication date : 2017/12/18

Latest news on the regulation of flammable refrigerants

Because many alternative low-GWP refrigerants are flammable, the evolution of the regulation governing these refrigerants is an issue that gives rise to many debates and initiatives.

• Publication date : 2019/12/31
• Subjects: Regulation

State of the art on the flammability of HFOs

An article recently published in the IJR reviews the flammability characteristics of 48 HFOs and blends for various experimental conditions.

• Publication date : 2020/02/05

US: intensification of research on refrigerant flammability

AHRI has set up a subcommittee to conduct a review of the safety issues around mildly flammable refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2015/08/18

Flammability hazards of air conditioners using R290 (propane)

R290 (propane) attracts a lot of interest as a replacement refrigerant of high-GWP HFCs for household air conditioners, due to its negligible GWP, favourable system performance and relatively low cost. However, it raises some questions due to its...

• Publication date : 2014/01/02

Best practice guide for flammable refrigerant use

AREA, ASERCOM, EFCTC and EPEE have joined together to prepare a leaflet urging contractors to prepare for a future with flammable refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2018/12/04
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Flammable refrigerants: the IEC approves the charge increase in commercial refrigeration

The International Electrotechnical Commission rejected in April a proposal to increase the charge limit of flammable refrigerants in the commercial refrigeration. But a recount has just reversed the decision.

• Publication date : 2019/05/29

Adoption of long-awaited standard for flammable refrigerants

International Electrotechnical Commission standard approves increased charge of flammable refrigerants in domestic installations.

• Publication date : 2022/05/27
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Australia: Code of Practice for Flammable Refrigerants

Faced with the rising use of flammable refrigerants, AIRAH has issued a draft Code of Practice for handling these gases.

• Publication date : 2013/09/12
• Subjects: Regulation

Performance comparison of R1234yf and R134a

A study published in Applied Thermal Engineering compares the performance of HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf as drop-in alternative in automotive air conditioning systems.

• Publication date : 2017/05/24

Flammable ice: the answer to Japan’s energy drought?

Flammable ice (or methane hydrate) could represent an interesting alternative to fossil fuels in Japan, since vast amounts of methane hydrate can be found buried deep under the ocean around the country.

• Publication date : 2018/02/06

Air conditioning: towards a relaxation of the rules for the use of flammable refrigerants

While the European Commission is paving the way for the use of flammable refrigerants as an alternative for split systems, the current revision of the international standard IEC 60335-2-40 should allow higher...

• Publication date : 2020/10/22
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New heat pump life cycle performance assessment tool

The Air-conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Technology Institute (AHRTI) developed a tool to calculate Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP), using Microsoft Excel.

• Publication date : 2012/06/27

Discover the 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants”

The 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants” provides a comprehensive introduction to matters such as flammability characteristics, classifications and governing rules such as safety standards and regulations covering the entire...

• Publication date : 2018/02/07

Discover the 32nd IIR Informatory Note on the “Harmonization of Life Cycle Climate Performance Methodology”

This Informatory Note summarises the LCCP guidelines prepared by the Working Group. It provides recommended assumptions and data sources for different types of units, presents the various existing LCCP tools and outlines usages and limitations of...

• Publication date : 2016/11/09

New publications: Informatory Note

The IIR has issued a new Informatory Note, RFID for Cold Chain Applications, prepared by Silvia Estrada-Flores, member of IIR Commission D2, and David Tanner, President of the IIR's Science and Technology Council. It presents an overview of the...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

New IIR Informatory Note

The IIR has issued a new Informatory Note, The Role of Refrigeration in Worldwide Nutrition, prepared by Jean-Luc Dupont and reviewed by Silvia Estrada-Flores, David Tanner, Don Cleland, Gerald Cavalier and Robert Heap. It presents an overview of...

• Publication date : 2009/08/13

New IIR publication: Informatory Note

The IIR has published the 3rd Informatory Note on Refrigeration and Food "Temperature Indicators and Time-Temperature Integrators", written by Leif Bøgh-Sørensen, past President of IIR Commission C2, and Göran Löndahl, member of IIR Commission C2,...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Briefs: Information for IIR members

As an IIR Member, commission Member or representative of an IIR member country, you are entitled to receive proceedings of IIR conferences. Please select on line the proceedings you would like to receive in 2007 on the

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

New IIR Informatory Note: “Whole Body Cryotherapy/Cryostimulation”

Learn about the latest advances and the challenges related to these rapidly developing techniques.

• Publication date : 2020/10/22

New IIR Informatory Note on Containment of Refrigerants

Currently available for IIR members only, the 24th IIR Informatory Note “Containment of Refrigerants within Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems” is out.

• Publication date : 2014/01/21

New IIR Publication: Legionella's IIR Informatory Note

18th IIR Informatory Note on Refrigeration Technologies: Evaporative Cooling and Legionella: Preventing Legionellosis by using Good Practice Consult it: www.iifiir.org

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

New IIR Informatory Note on Solar Cooling 

Discover the latest IIR Informatory Note that provides a detailed analysis of solar cooling: an environmentally friendly and promising technology.

• Publication date : 2020/12/22
• Subjects: Technology

New IIR Informatory Note on passive cooling

The IIR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that passive cooling technologies can contribute significantly to reducing energy demand for air conditioning. 

• Publication date : 2022/04/29
• Subjects: Technology

Two new IIR Informatory Notes on Energy Recovery!

The IIR has just published two new Informatory Notes on energy recovery: one on Energy Recovery in Mechanical Ventilation Systems and the other one on Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment. 

• Publication date : 2021/06/29

New IIR Informatory Note. Low-GWP Refrigerants: Status and Outlook

The latest IIR Informatory Note outlines the options available for low-GWP refrigerants and their respective performance. It provides a series of recommendations on refrigerant...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New IIR Informatory Note on automotive air conditioning

The latest IIR Informatory Note presents recent technological trends in automotive air conditioning, in particular for electric cars, and outlines the challenges in terms of energy efficiency and CO2...

• Publication date : 2022/10/27

New IIR Informatory Note on Whole Body Cryotherapy/Cryostimulation 

Providing key insight in the field of cryostimulation, and particularly whole body and partial body cryotherapy, the new Informatory Note of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) explores the...

• Publication date : 2020/12/02
• Subjects: Technology

For IIR members only

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2022/10/12
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2022/11/21
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2022/06/20
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics