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Recommended by the IIR

Literature review of frost formation phenomena on domestic refrigerators evaporators.

• Author(s) : KRASOTA D., BLASIAK P., KOLASIŃSKI P.
• Publication date: 2023/04
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 16 - n. 7
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Frost and ice fog formation in industrial freezers operating in supersaturated air.

• Author(s) : MAGO P. J., SHERIF S. A.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Frost formation in evaporator fins with embedded negative stiffness structures.

• Author(s) : THAKKAR A., MA J., BRAUN J. E., HORTON W. T., ARRIETA A. F.
• Publication date: 2021/05
• Languages : English
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 18^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Effects of crystal formation on the initial frost thickness and density on cold surfaces.

• Author(s) : HARGES E., CREMASCHI L.
• Publication date: 2022/04
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 136
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study of frost formation on straight cylindrical fins of cryogenic temperature under natural convection conditions.

• Author(s) : CHEN Y., LIU Z., YU F., LI Y.
• Publication date: 2022/03
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 135
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Numerical research on effects of gravitational settling and thermophoresis of mist particles on frost formation under cryogenic conditions.

• Author(s) : HATTORI A., UEDA A., YOSHIDA M., HIRAI R., SATO T.
• Publication date: 2023/04/25
• Languages : English
• Source: Cryogenics 2023. Proceedings of the 17^th IIR International Conference, Dresden, Germany, april 25-28 2023
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Analysis of the frost formation pattern in heat exchangers for proper placement of frost measuring sensors.

• Author(s) : AGUIAR M., GASPAR P. D., SILVA P. D.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Frost formation non-uniformity in a multi-circuit V-shape evaporator.

• Author(s) : ALVANDIFAR N., KRISTOFERSSON J., FOROOGHI P.
• Publication date: 2024/01
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 157
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Predictions on frost growth over a flat plate using surface characteristics: Machine learning methods.

• Author(s) : HAN J. M., PARK S. H., PARK Y. G., PANDEY S., HA M. Y.
• Publication date: 2023/05
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 149
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of evaporator air flow distribution on the performance of air source CO2 heat pumps through frost formation.

• Author(s) : ALVANDIFAR N., CATTANI M., KRISTOFERSSON J., FOROOGHI P.
• Publication date: 2023/04/27
• Languages : English
• Source: 10^th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technologies.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Innovative method to reduce frost formation in liquid-to-air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEE) based on 3D CFD simulation.

• Author(s) : SHOTLOU M. A., POURMAHMOUD N.
• Publication date: 2023/03
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 147
• Formats : PDF

Investigation of air-side fouling of split system outdoor heat exchangers: characterization, performance effects, and frost formation interactions.

• Author(s) : YUILL D., HU Y.
• Publication date: 2021/05
• Languages : English
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 18^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermal and hydraulic behaviors of a finned coil heat exchanger coupled with fixed-speed fans during frost formation in an industrial food freezer: numerical modelling and field experimental validation.

• Author(s) : BADRI D., TOUBLANC C., ROUAUD O., HAVET M.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Guide to good commercial refrigeration practice. Part 9. Skills, qualifications and training.

• Author(s) : IoR, BRA
• Publication date: 2019
• Languages : English

Improving robustness of transient heat exchanger models with non-uniform frost formation.

• Author(s) : MA J., KIM D., BRAUN J. E.
• Publication date: 2022
• Languages : English
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 19^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Toshiba offers rugby tickets for R22 survey.

Toshiba conducts market research on R22 systems within the UK and Ireland.

• Publication date : 2015/02/02

HFC alternatives: insufficient training in Europe

An AREA survey shows that in the EU, only 3.5-7% of F-Gas certified personnel are trained in the use of low-GWP refrigerants, depending on the alternative used. 

• Publication date : 2021/02/23
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Natural refrigerant training is gaining traction

Update on natural refrigerant training in Europe and Africa.

• Publication date : 2017/05/19
• Subjects: Developing country

Submersion cooling: a solution for the IT industry?

With the data centre industry growing by 12% annually, saving energy required for cooling is becoming a crucial issue and new options are being explored such as free-cooling, thermal energy storage or various means of liquid cooling, including...

• Publication date : 2014/06/04

Publication of an update on new refrigerants designations and safety classifications.

UN Environment and ASHRAE recently published a fact sheet to provide an update on ASHRAE Standards 34, which lists the designations of refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2017/03/17
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

UNEP knowledge maps of refrigeration sector organisations and training centres worldwide

UNEP has launched its OzonAction Knowledge Maps tool, which offers access to data and information about relevant stakeholders in the refrigeration sector, including air conditioning and heat pumps (RACHP)...

• Publication date : 2021/07/15
• Subjects: General information

Book your spot! Training session on refrigerated transport equipment

On 9 October 2023, the Wageningen Academy is organising a one-day training session on refrigerated transport for industry professionals.

• Publication date : 2023/09/04

Carrier Commercial Refrigeration has opened its CO2OLacademy field training facility

Carrier Commercial Refrigeration has opened its CO2OLacademy field training facility in Germany. It aims to increase the technical knowledge and practical competencies of field technicians in Europe.

• Publication date : 2015/04/16

Argentina: training sessions for the transition to alternative refrigerants

The Centro Studi Galileo, located in Italia, announced that training sessions will start in Argentina in 2018.

• Publication date : 2018/02/01

Interested in a short course on Ice Slurry Technology?

The course will take place in Karlsruhe (Germany) on the 13th and 14th May 2011, and will be taught in English.

• Publication date : 2011/02/18

AREA new guide on training and certification on low GWP refrigerants.

AREA, Air conditioning and Refrigeration European Association, has published its Guidance on minimum requirements for contractors' training & certification on low GWP refrigerants.

• Publication date : 2014/12/16

For IIR members only

Canada invests over CA $500,000 in heat pump training to boost skilled workforce and reduce emissions

In August 2024, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change and to the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, announced over 500,000 Canadian dollars...

• Publication date : 2024/10/23
• Subjects: General information

Food processing: a priority sector for India

India’s food minister believes that with a better supply chain, the country could be a global food processing powerhouse.

• Publication date : 2015/05/29

Kenyan fish processing facility upgrades from R22 to ammonia

East Africa Sea Foods (EASF), a fish processing facility in Kenya, recently replaced its aging R22 refrigeration system with a two-stage ammonia system.

• Publication date : 2020/04/05
• Subjects: Developing country, HFCs alternatives

“Soft chill” technology improves temperature control for food processors

A new way of using liquid nitrogen to control the temperature of foods while they are being processed will improve quality, even when used with the most heat-sensitive or reactive foods, according to Air Products.

• Publication date : 2014/02/17

Briefs: Information for IIR members

As an IIR Member, commission Member or representative of an IIR member country, you are entitled to receive proceedings of IIR conferences. Please select on line the proceedings you would like to receive in 2007 on the

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

The IIR is seeking an Information Officer

The IIR is seeking an Information Officer for its Scientific and Technical Information Department comprising 4 persons. The position is available immediately.

• Publication date : 2013/03/05

We are hiring an Information Specialist Intern (in French)

L’IIF contribue depuis 1908 à la collecte et à la diffusion de l’information scientifique et technique dans tous les domaines du froid. Pour renforcer son Département de...

• Publication date : 2024/08/13

Conference update: 3rd IIR sponsored International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC2014)

Bookings are now open for the 3rd IIR sponsored International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC2014). Early bird rates end March 31, 2014. Further discounts are available for conference speakers, IIR, IOR, and...

• Publication date : 2014/02/10

New IIR Informatory Note on Containment of Refrigerants

Currently available for IIR members only, the 24th IIR Informatory Note “Containment of Refrigerants within Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems” is out.

• Publication date : 2014/01/21

New IIR Informatory Note on evaporative cooling

The latest IIR Informatory Note highlights that evaporative cooling is an energy-efficient technology that has many applications in air conditioning but also in short-term food storage. 

• Publication date : 2023/05/27

New IIR Informatory Note: “Whole Body Cryotherapy/Cryostimulation”

Learn about the latest advances and the challenges related to these rapidly developing techniques.

• Publication date : 2020/10/22

New IIR Informatory Note on Solar Cooling 

Discover the latest IIR Informatory Note that provides a detailed analysis of solar cooling: an environmentally friendly and promising technology.

• Publication date : 2020/12/22
• Subjects: Technology

Two new IIR Informatory Notes on Energy Recovery!

The IIR has just published two new Informatory Notes on energy recovery: one on Energy Recovery in Mechanical Ventilation Systems and the other one on Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment. 

• Publication date : 2021/06/29

New IIR Informatory Note on The Role of Refrigeration in the Global Economy

Discover the 29th Informatory Note on Refrigeration Technologies

• Publication date : 2015/12/02
• Subjects: General information

New IIR Informatory Note on Renewable Energy

The latest IIR Informatory Note stresses that renewable energy sources can be considered practically inexhaustible and are currently the only solution for an ecological transition to clean...

• Publication date : 2023/04/26
• Subjects: Environment

New IIR Informatory Note on passive cooling

The IIR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that passive cooling technologies can contribute significantly to reducing energy demand for air conditioning. 

• Publication date : 2022/04/29
• Subjects: Technology

Discover the 33rd IIR Informatory Note on "Cogeneration/Trigeneration"

This Informatory Note discusses the operating principles of cogeneration and trigeneration as well as their advantages and challenges.

• Publication date : 2017/01/17

New IIR Informatory Note on non-uniform environment

A non-uniform indoor environment can reconcile the demand for a healthy and comfortable environment and the objective of low carbon emissions. 

• Publication date : 2023/11/28

New IIR Informatory Note on Whole Body Cryotherapy/Cryostimulation 

Providing key insight in the field of cryostimulation, and particularly whole body and partial body cryotherapy, the new Informatory Note of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) explores the...

• Publication date : 2020/12/02
• Subjects: Technology

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics