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Recommended by the IIR
Literature review of frost formation phenomena on domestic refrigerators evaporators.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Frost and ice fog formation in industrial freezers operating in supersaturated air.
Frost formation in evaporator fins with embedded negative stiffness structures.
IIR document
Experimental study about frost formation and growth in the evaporator of an air-to-water heat pump.
Effects of crystal formation on the initial frost thickness and density on cold surfaces.
A novel frost growth model incorporated with ice propagation using CFD method.
Experimental study of frost formation on straight cylindrical fins of cryogenic temperature under natural convection conditions.
Analysis of the frost formation pattern in heat exchangers for proper placement of frost measuring sensors.
Numerical research on effects of gravitational settling and thermophoresis of mist particles on frost formation under cryogenic conditions.
A semi-empirical model of frost formation on a cryogenic surface cooled from ambient temperature under forced convection condition
Frost formation non-uniformity in a multi-circuit V-shape evaporator.
Experimental study of frost formation and various defrosting techniques on a microchannel evaporator in a real reversible air source heat pump system.
Predictions on frost growth over a flat plate using surface characteristics: Machine learning methods.
Effect of evaporator air flow distribution on the performance of air source CO2 heat pumps through frost formation.
Innovative method to reduce frost formation in liquid-to-air membrane energy exchangers (LAMEE) based on 3D CFD simulation.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
874 results
From waste to warmth: Geospatial information for UK waste heat recovery and Net-Zero energy systems
A new project led by London South Bank University (LSBU) aims to map and assess waste heat generated by cooling systems in urban areas, starting with Birmingham.
HFC alternatives: insufficient training in Europe
An AREA survey shows that in the EU, only 3.5-7% of F-Gas certified personnel are trained in the use of low-GWP refrigerants, depending on the alternative used.
Natural refrigerant training is gaining traction
Update on natural refrigerant training in Europe and Africa.
Toshiba offers rugby tickets for R22 survey.
Toshiba conducts market research on R22 systems within the UK and Ireland.
UNEP knowledge maps of refrigeration sector organisations and training centres worldwide
UNEP has launched its OzonAction Knowledge Maps tool, which offers access to data and information about relevant stakeholders in the refrigeration sector, including air conditioning and heat pumps (RACHP)...
Book your spot! Training session on refrigerated transport equipment
On 9 October 2023, the Wageningen Academy is organising a one-day training session on refrigerated transport for industry professionals.
Carrier Commercial Refrigeration has opened its CO2OLacademy field training facility
Carrier Commercial Refrigeration has opened its CO2OLacademy field training facility in Germany. It aims to increase the technical knowledge and practical competencies of field technicians in Europe.
Argentina: training sessions for the transition to alternative refrigerants
The Centro Studi Galileo, located in Italia, announced that training sessions will start in Argentina in 2018.
Growing need for F-Gas technicians: AREA highlights training gaps
Around 370,000 refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump (RACHP) personnel are F-Gas certified in the 18 EU countries covered by AREA membership.
Interested in a short course on Ice Slurry Technology?
The course will take place in Karlsruhe (Germany) on the 13th and 14th May 2011, and will be taught in English.
AREA new guide on training and certification on low GWP refrigerants.
AREA, Air conditioning and Refrigeration European Association, has published its Guidance on minimum requirements for contractors' training & certification on low GWP refrigerants.
Canada invests over CA $500,000 in heat pump training to boost skilled workforce and reduce emissions
In August 2024, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change and to the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, announced over 500,000 Canadian dollars...
Food processing: a priority sector for India
India’s food minister believes that with a better supply chain, the country could be a global food processing powerhouse.
Kenyan fish processing facility upgrades from R22 to ammonia
East Africa Sea Foods (EASF), a fish processing facility in Kenya, recently replaced its aging R22 refrigeration system with a two-stage ammonia system.
Submersion cooling: a solution for the IT industry?
With the data centre industry growing by 12% annually, saving energy required for cooling is becoming a crucial issue and new options are being explored such as free-cooling, thermal energy storage or various means of liquid cooling, including...
IIR news
579 results
Briefs: Information for IIR members
As an IIR Member, commission Member or representative of an IIR member country, you are entitled to receive proceedings of IIR conferences. Please select on line the proceedings you would like to receive in 2007 on the
The IIR is seeking an Information Officer
The IIR is seeking an Information Officer for its Scientific and Technical Information Department comprising 4 persons. The position is available immediately.
We are hiring an Information Specialist Intern (in French)
L’IIF contribue depuis 1908 à la collecte et à la diffusion de l’information scientifique et technique dans tous les domaines du froid. Pour renforcer son Département de...
We are hiring an Information Specialist Intern (in French).
L’IIF contribue depuis 1908 à la collecte et à la diffusion de l’information scientifique et technique dans tous les domaines du froid. Pour renforcer son Département de l’Information Scientifique et Technique...
OEWG-47 Side Event Highlights on International Training and Certification Standards for RACHP
The Centro Studi Galileo (CSG) and the European association of refrigeration, air conditioning with support from the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and Institute For Governance & Sustainable...
IIR publishes a new Technical Brief: Cooling technologies for sustainable data centres
Authored by leading IIR experts in energy and power engineering, this publication offers a comprehensive exploration of innovative cooling solutions designed to meet the escalating...
Conference update: 3rd IIR sponsored International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC2014)
Bookings are now open for the 3rd IIR sponsored International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC2014). Early bird rates end March 31, 2014. Further discounts are available for conference speakers, IIR, IOR, and...
Enhancing dairy sector efficiency through BETTED training
In December 2024, the IIR, Cemafroid, and other partners participated in the pilot training webinar hosted by BETTED, a key milestone in the project’s mission to promote energy...
IIR brings its expertise to SophiA’s training in Cameroon
The second capacity building session for SophiA trainers took place in Yaoundé, Cameroon, from January 20 to 24, 2025. The online presentation given by IIR on natural refrigerants in...
Book your spot! Training session on food refrigeration systems
From July 1 to 5 2024, Professor Don Cleland will be leading a training workshop in London entitled “Cost-Effective Refrigeration”.
New IIR Informatory Note on Containment of Refrigerants
Currently available for IIR members only, the 24th IIR Informatory Note “Containment of Refrigerants within Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pump Systems” is out.
Training and courses: New content available
Since its initial publication, a number of new courses have been added to the IIR refrigeration courses and training repertoire.
Training and courses: Accessible opportunities online
The IIR has taken care to provide you with an exclusive selection of digital training and course material on the main themes of HVACR, including a section dedicated to certification courses from reputable international organisations and companies...
Training and courses: New material available on the IIR website
A new course on cogeneration has just been added to the "Courses and Training" section of the IIR website.
New IIR Informatory Note on evaporative cooling
The latest IIR Informatory Note highlights that evaporative cooling is an energy-efficient technology that has many applications in air conditioning but also in short-term food storage.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
15 results
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
For IIR members only
Global cold storage capacity
This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
André Lebon
André Lebon (1859 – 1938). Membre fondateur de l’Association Internationale du Froid puis de l’Institut International du Froid
Events
8 results
Other event
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
Find out more
IIR event
11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting
June 07, 2026 - June 11, 2026
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Submit your full paper now! The 11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting (Thermag 2026), to be...
15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
September 16, 2026 - September 18, 2026
Xi'an, China
Currently accepting full papers! The 15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for...
Data Centers at a Crossroads: Energy, Cooling, and Policy Challenges
May 12, 2026
Register...
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
Sponsored event
21st International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue
July 12, 2026 - July 16, 2026
West Lafayette, IN, United States
A conference co-sponsored by the IIR Since 1972, Herrick Labs has hosted the premier international conferences on Compressor Engineering, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, and...
9th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue
2026 China International Heat Pump Conference
October 13, 2026 - October 17, 2026
Shanghai, China
Following the resounding success of the 2nd China Heat Pump Conference (CHPC 2024) in Shenzhen, which gathered over 850 experts and delegates from 33 countries & regions, the upcoming 3rd CHPC in 2026 is poised to further expand its global...
