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Effect of hydro-thermal behavior on the frost heave of a saturated silty clay under different applied pressures.

• Author(s) : ZHANG X., ZHANG M., LU J., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/05/05
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 117

Analytical solution to steady-state temperature field for straight-row-piped freezing based on superposition of thermal potential.

• Author(s) : HU X. D., YU J., REN H., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/01/25
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 111

IIR document

SIMULATION RAPIDE DES TRANSFERTS DE CHALEUR ET DU GEL DANS LE SOL AU VOISINAGE D'UN ECHANGEUR ENTERRE.

RAPID SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND SOIL FREEZING NEAR A BURIED EXCHANGER.

• Author(s) : MARCHAL D., PESSOA J.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : French
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

Numerical evaluation on the effects of soil freezing on underground temperature variations of soil around ground heat exchangers.

• Author(s) : YANGA W., KONGA L., CHEN Y.
• Publication date: 2015/01/22
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 75

IIR document

USE OF COMPARATIVE COEFFICIENTS OF FROST LAYER FORMATION AND HEAT TRANSFER INTENSITY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF VARIABLE SYSTEMS OF THE MOIST SOIL FREEZING.

• Author(s) : KALINOWSKI E., BUCEWICZ A.
• Publication date: 1987/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Development in refrigeration, refrigeration for development. Proceedings of the XVIIth international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Ground freezing in archaeology.

• Author(s) : LE TEINTURIER J.
• Publication date: 2008/06
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

La congélation du sol en archéologie.

Ground freezing in archaeology.

• Author(s) : LE TEINTURIER J.
• Publication date: 2008/06
• Languages : French
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

THREE-DIMENSIONAL CALCULATION OF SOIL FREEZING USING CONCENTRIC PIPES.

• Author(s) : THORBERGSEN E., NONINO C.
• Publication date: 1987/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Development in refrigeration, refrigeration for development. Proceedings of the XVIIth international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

Modern ammonia refrigerating plant for freezing the earth during the process of sinking deep shafts.

[In Russian. / En russe.]

• Author(s) : CHERNÂK V. A., ÂNÛK V. Â., SHTYLEVA A. A., et al.
• Publication date: 2003
• Languages : Russian
• Source: Holodil'nyj Biznes - n. 8
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

A few examples of the use of refrigeration.

• Author(s) : RIVET P.
• Publication date: 2008/06
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Les autres applications du froid : divers exemples d'utilisation.

A few examples of the use of refrigeration.

• Author(s) : RIVET P.
• Publication date: 2008/06
• Languages : French
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

THE APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION IN ENERGY ENGINEERING.

• Author(s) : ZHONG F. Y.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : English
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

SOIL FREEZING FOR A TUNNEL PROPULSION, USING THE NATM (NEW AUSTRIAN TUNNELLING METHOD) AND COMPRESSED AIR.

• Author(s) : SCHICKL R.
• Publication date: 1987/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Development in refrigeration, refrigeration for development. Proceedings of the XVIIth international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

OPTIMUM SOLUTIONS FOR COLD-STORAGE FLOORING AND CENTRAL FROST-HEAVE PROTECTION HEATING SYSTEMS.

• Author(s) : OHEIM H.
• Publication date: 1990/09/24
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Optimum solutions for cold-storage flooring and central frost-heave protective heating systems.

• Author(s) : OHEIM H.
• Publication date: 1992
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 15 - n. 3
• Formats : PDF

A promising solar heat pump system for cold climates

A simulation of a novel solar-assisted ground source heat pump system shows promising results for improved energy efficiency and reduced soil freezing in cold climates. 

• Publication date : 2025/03/21

Advances in Phase Change Materials boost efficiency of food and health cold chains

A recent article published in the International Journal of Refrigeration reviews PCMs in laboratory and commercial cold chain applications along with possible solutions to mitigate their...

• Publication date : 2025/10/16
• Subjects: Technology

Cryogenic carbon capture technologies

Cryogenic carbon capture is in the early stages of development, however, several projects have achieved a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 6, for applications such as blue...

• Publication date : 2022/04/29
• Subjects: Environment, Technology

French heat pump market situation

The total market showed an increase of sales in 2014 with a little over 192 967 units sold. This is a rise of 27% compared to 2013.

• Publication date : 2016/02/12
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Latest progress in the Caribbean Cooling Initiative

Jamaica and the Dominican Republic are working towards setting up policies and minimum energy efficiency requirements to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions from cooling. 

• Publication date : 2021/05/31
• Subjects: Developing country, Environment, Regulation

Breakthrough fluorescent imaging for precise cancer cryosurgery

Researchers at NYU Abu Dhabi (NYUAD) have developed a specialised nanoscale material that illuminates cancer cells under freezing conditions, enhancing surgeons’ ability to detect and remove cancer cells during...

• Publication date : 2025/04/10
• Subjects: Technology

Sorption chillers

Sorption chiller technology is rapidly developing, especially that using solar energy. - As highlighted by Jacob and Kohlenbach* during the latest IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids in Sydney, in Europe, numerous new...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Liquid nitrogen spray to clean spacesuits

Researchers from Washington State University developed a liquid nitrogen spray to remove moon dust from a space suit, potentially solving what is a significant challenge for future...

• Publication date : 2023/03/27
• Subjects: Technology

Green Buildings: Frozen smoke

Following the meeting of the IIR's Science and Technology Council (STC) on June 10, 2010, Prof. Renato Lazzarin, University of Padua in Vicenza, Italy, AICARR President, President of Commission E1 (Air conditioning) of the STC gave a lecture...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Liquid nitrogen for French cuisine

The system uses the natural pressure of nitrogen during evaporation according to a vertical discharge principle.

• Publication date : 2015/03/12

HFC phase-down in the USA, in China and in Europe

Prospects for the ratification of the Kigali Amendment by China and the US, and new bans on HFCs under  the F-Gas Regulation in Europe 

• Publication date : 2021/05/31
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

Phase-change materials result in huge cost savings

Phase-change materials (PCMs) are being used in a new building for the molecular engineering department of the University of Washington, in Seattle. The 7150 m² building has PCMs encapsulated in its wall and ceiling panels, and the expectation is...

• Publication date : 2012/08/14

A photovoltaic system powers the refrigeration systems of a fishing village in Morocco

In Aftissat, Morocco, 500 photovoltaic panels combined with batteries and diesel generators cover the daily energy needs of the village, including cold storage and refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2018/08/08
• Subjects: Developing country

Cryogenics and 3D-printing techniques could allow the replication of human tissues

A team of researchers from Imperial College London have developed a new technique which could allow the replication of human brain and lung tissue and regenerate damaged parts.

• Publication date : 2018/03/22

Experimentation of a film rejecting 70% of solar heat

A team of researchers explored the ability of a phase-change material film set on windows to reject incoming solar heat.

• Publication date : 2018/12/27
• Subjects: Environment

News from IIR members: Kinarca

Kinarca obtains ISO 22000 certification for its gel-ice machine. Bureau Veritas Certification has certified that Kinarca's Food Security system applied to the design process, manufacturing assembly and maintenance of flo-ice machines is according...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

IIR member news: Angelantoni Group

“COLD ENERGY” is an innovative solution to improve energy efficiency both for old and new compression refrigeration systems by transferring a highly efficient automotive technology to enhance energy recovery of heat exchangers.

• Publication date : 2017/01/20

The IIR at the heart of magnetic refrigeration

Magnetic refrigeration technology proves more alluring than ever: conferences, workshops and research projects continue to make waves.

• Publication date : 2015/03/25

IIR conference on caloric cooling Thermag VIII: highlights

Thermag VIII was an opportunity to present new developments regarding magnetocaloric, electrocaloric and elastocaloric cooling.

• Publication date : 2018/10/18

Danfoss unveils oil-free R600a centrifugal compressor at MCE 2026

An innovative high-capacity compressor using isobutane and magnetic bearing technology reflects growing interest in natural refrigerants for large-scale cooling applications.

• Publication date : 2026/04/14
• Subjects: Technology

ICR2015: A stimulating environment for dynamic exchanges

With a focus on improving standards and the quality of life of many worldwide, as well as emphasising the importance of preserving the earth through the advancement of refrigeration applications and technology, ICR2015 is expected to attract a...

• Publication date : 2015/04/08

Recap of the ENOUGH webinar: Innovative freezing technologies for a more sustainable food chain

On May 22, science and industry experts took part in the ENOUGH Webinar on recent advances in food freezing, exploring various ways to enhance sustainability in thermal processes.

• Publication date : 2025/05/22

The Cold Chain: A logistical challenge at the heart of the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine 

Gérald Cavalier - President of the Science and Technology Council of the International Institute of Refrigeration, President of the French Association of Refrigeration, President of the Cemafroid...

• Publication date : 2020/11/23
• Subjects: General information, Technology

Supercooling and superchilling: A solution to increased shelf life and reduced food waste?

If these technologies were combined with perfusion chilling for meat and fish, then additional benefits such as rapid cooling, low weight loss and novel products could result.

• Publication date : 2015/10/27

Past events: The IIR around the world, August and September 2024

A look back at the IIR’s latest events during conferences (Gustav Lorentzen, Thermag, Compressors) and during sponsored vents (CHPC).

• Publication date : 2024/10/07

Professional forums on cryo-sciences: Experts and young researchers alike

Although significant progress has been made in cold application in life sciences driven by new solutions in the production, storage and handling of bio-products along the entire production chain all the way up to the end-user, there are still many...

• Publication date : 2017/03/01

Call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!

All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...

• Publication date : 2020/09/28
• Subjects: General information

The IIR launches a call to action to adopt 5 internationally established refrigeration terms!

All professionals in the field of low-temperature technologies are called and are strongly encouraged to strictly adhere to the internationally established and approved definitions, by the International...

• Publication date : 2020/10/02
• Subjects: General information

ENOUGH at the 37th EFFoST International Conference 2023

Several partners from the ENOUGH project were present at the 37th EFFoST International Conference 2023 in Valencia this week.

• Publication date : 2023/11/13

The IIR and the ASHRAE establish new definitions of five keywords in the refrigeration sector

For over a year, a group of experts from the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) have been working together to establish common definitions of...

• Publication date : 2019/03/18

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables