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  • H2 update: Linde

    Linde recently opened the world's first hydrogen filling station for fuel cell passenger ships in Hamburg. The Zemship filling station provides fill-ups of hydrogen gas for this "zero emissions ship". The first passenger ship for 100 people to be...

    • Publication date : 2009/02/25
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  • Regulations Reminder

    The EC Directorate General of Fair Trading, Consumer Affairs and Fraud Control (DGCCRF) has put out information on Decree No. 2005-944 of August 2, 2005. The latter modifies Decree No. 64-949 of September 9, 1964 in order to bring it into line...

    • Publication date : 2006/01/19
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  • Briefs: NOAA Greenhouse Gas Index

    Researchers at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) developed what they call a "scientifically unambiguous" index, that they say will allow them to track changes in the gases that contribute the most to the warming...

    • Publication date : 2009/02/24
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  • Briefs: Linde and The BOC Group

    Linde and The BOC Group merged on September 6, 2006, creating a giant industrial gases and engineering corporation called The Linde Group. It will have a turnover of around 12.7 billion € and 53 000 employees worldwide.

    • Publication date : 2006/11/15
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  • Carrier completes the acquisition of Linde Refrigeration

    On October 1, 2004, Carrier Corporation announced the completion of the acquisition of Linde Refrigeration, the European leader in commercial refrigeration and formerly a division of Linde AG, for 390 million USD. Linde's manufacturing facilities,...

    • Publication date : 2004/11/19
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  • Refrigeration reduces the glycemic index of cooked rice

    Several studies highlight the benefits of refrigeration on the glycaemic index of rice, which is important in the control of chronic diseases such as diabetes.

    • Publication date : 2022/12/05
    • Subjects: General information
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  • 300 cylinders of counterfeit R134a seized in Hangzhou

    US refrigerant manufacturer DuPont has announced the seizure of 300 cylinders of counterfeit R134a in Hangzhou province, China.

    • Publication date : 2013/11/13
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  • France: a HFC price commission before an index from INSEE (in French)

    During SIFA, the Snefcca (French national union of refrigeration, kitchen equipment and air conditioning companies) confirms deadlines and framework of the future index from INSEE (French national institute for statistics and economic studies)...

    • Publication date : 2015/12/09
    • Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Figures, economy
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  • India bans imports of air conditioners

    The Indian government has banned the import of air conditioners in order to boost domestic production.

    • Publication date : 2020/10/26
    • Subjects: Figures, economy, Regulation
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  • Indian LNG demand shows rapid growth due to high demand

    The Indian Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas claims that LNG accounted for 41% of India’s total gas consumption in 2012 - 2013 and will account50% in 2013 – 2014: a 25% rise.

    • Publication date : 2014/05/21
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  • New milk refrigeration system in rural India.

    In rural India, the dairy industry is very vulnerable to spoilage because of the poorly developed cold supply chain.

    • Publication date : 2015/03/20
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  • India Cooling Action Plan

    The Environment Ministry India Cooling Action Plan provides measures to address the expected 8-fold increase of the cooling demand until 2037-2038.

    • Publication date : 2018/10/18
    • Subjects: Environment, Developing country, Figures, economy, Regulation, General information
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  • Food processing: a priority sector for India

    India’s food minister believes that with a better supply chain, the country could be a global food processing powerhouse.

    • Publication date : 2015/05/29
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  • India and US solar market outlook

    India and US amongst global leader in solar energy.

    • Publication date : 2016/08/08
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  • India seeks New Zealand’s help for developing cold storages

    India has sought expertise from New Zealand in development of cold storages in the country, where fruits and vegetables go waste every year due to inadequate storage infrastructure.

    • Publication date : 2013/09/17
    • Subjects: Figures, economy
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  • Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

    Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

    • Last update : 2023/03/10
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information
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  • Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

    The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

    • Last update : 2023/11/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs
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  • Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

    This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

    • Last update : 2022/11/17
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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  • Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

    • Last update : 2023/06/23
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : LNG and LPG
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  • Kigali Amendment status per country

    List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

    • Last update : 2024/11/15
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)
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    Justice hammer and green earth

  • Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

    In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

    • Last update : 2022/09/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers
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  • Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

    In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

    • Last update : 2022/09/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)
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  • Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

    Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

    • Last update : 2023/09/15
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : HFCs
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO
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  • Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends
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  • Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

    From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

    • Last update : 2023/06/30
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Ice creams
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  • Nanorefrigerants

    Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English, French
    • Themes : Nanofluids
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  • For IIR members only

    Global cold storage capacity

    This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

    • Last update : 2021/12/06
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics
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  • Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

    Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

    • Last update : 2023/01/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Fruit, Vegetables
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See all results in the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration