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Estudio ambiental teórico basado en el análisis del ciclo de vida (ACV) de diferentes tecnologías de bombas de calor. 

Theoretical environmental study based on life cycle analysis (LCA) of different heat pump technologies.

• Author(s) : LIGERO MALLO J., CERDEIRA PÉREZ F., ORTEGA VEIGA i., SANTOS NAVARRO J. M.
• Publication date: 2024/06/26
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Heat pump, Technology, Life cycle, Geothermy, Comparison, Case study, Software
• Source: 12^th CYTEF Congress - Ibero-American Congress of Refrigeration Science and Technology.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Comparative life-cycle cost analysis of refrigeration systems in ice rinks.

• Author(s) : GRÖNQVIST C., ROGSTAM J.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Energy consumption, R744, Sweden, Skating rink, Indirect system, Case study, Life cycle, Cost, CO2
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Review on the life cycle assessment of thermal energy storage used in building applications.

• Author(s) : HAYATINA I., AUCKAILI A., FARID M.
• Publication date: 2023/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal energy storage, Life cycle, PCM, Sustainability, Review, Standard, Building, Construction, Thermal comfort
• Source: Energies - vol. 16 - n. 3
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Life cycle assessment of a near-to-zero GWP air conditioner.

• Author(s) : MORO N., PRETATO U., CROPANISE I., ZARROLI G.
• Publication date: 2021/09/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low GWP, Life cycle, Air conditioning, R290, Propane, Duct, Residential sector, Standard, ISO, Comparison, R410A, CO2 emission, LCCP
• Source: 6^th IIR Conference on Thermophysical Properties and Transfer Processes of Refrigerants
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

A hybrid method to evaluate the life cycle climate performance of heat pumps.

• Author(s) : WAN H., SHEN B., LI Z., HWANG Y.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Energy efficiency, COP, LCCP, Life cycle, Energy consumption, Cost, Heat pump, Calculation, Case study, USA
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

The role of refrigeration towards life cycle sustainability assessment of food retail stores buildings.

• Author(s) : GIMENO-FRONTERA B., ZAMBRANA-VASQUEZ D., MILLÁN G., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/19
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Spain, Natural refrigerant, Supermarket, HFC, Case study, CO2 emission, Energy efficiency, Life cycle, Refrigerant
• Source: CYTEF 2018. IX Congreso Ibérico y VII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Valencia, España, 19-21 junio 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

A comprehensive review of life cycle climate performance (LCCP) for air conditioning systems.

• Author(s) : WAN H., CAO T., HWANG Y., RADERMACHER R., ANDERSEN S. O., CHIN S.
• Publication date: 2021/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Review, Life cycle, LCCP, Air conditioning, Energy consumption, Greenhouse effect, CO2 emission, HFC, Refrigerant, Leakage, GWP
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 130
• Formats : PDF

Multi-criteria evaluation of river source heat pump systems in terms of life cycle performance.

• Author(s) : JUNG Y., LEE H.
• Publication date: 2021/05/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Water-source system, Heat pump, Performance, Office, Building, Life cycle, Energy consumption, CO2 emission, Simulation
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 6^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Integrated Value Engineering and Life Cycle Cost Modeling for HVAC System Selection.

• Author(s) : AL-GHAMDI M. A., AL-GAHTANI K. S.
• Publication date: 2022/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Saudi arabia, Life cycle, Cost, Modelling, Air conditioning, Case study, Chiller, Office, Building, Simulation, Conditionneur d'air en toiture, Variable volume
• Source: Sustainability - vol. 14 - n. 4
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Rigorous assessment of low GWP refrigerants in heat pumps from an ecologic perspective using life cycle assessment.

• Author(s) : VERING C., LAUSTER M., MUELLER D.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low GWP, Boiler, Cooling capacity, Heat pump, Modelling, CO2 emission, Life cycle, COP, Refrigerant
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Evaluation of the carbon footprint of HFC and natural refrigerant transport refrigeration units from a life-cycle perspective.

• Author(s) : FABRIS F., FABRIZIO M., MARINETTI S., ROSSETTI A., MINETTO S.
• Publication date: 2024/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerated transport, Road transport, R134a, R744, CO2 emission, CO2, Life cycle, Modelling, Comparison
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 159
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

A whole building life-cycle assessment approach to support decision-making for sustainable buildings.

• Author(s) : ZHANG H., CAI J., BRAUN J. E.
• Publication date: 2021/05/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Life cycle, Sustainability, Modelling, Prototype, Case study, Energy consumption, Carbon footprint, Simulation, Commercial building, Climate, GWP, CO2 emission
• Source: 2021 Purdue Conferences. 6^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Comparison of the environmental impact of HFC and natural refrigerant transport refrigeration units from a life-cycle perspective.

• Author(s) : FABRIS F., FABRIZIO M., MARINETTI S., ROSSETTI A., MINETTO S.
• Publication date: 2023/04/27
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2 emission, Comparison, R744, R134a, HFC, Life cycle, Refrigerated transport, Refrigerated truck, Modelling, COP, Carbon footprint
• Source: 10^th IIR Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technologies.
• Formats : PDF

Development and application of accelerated life test cycles for performance degradation studies on water-cooled variable-speed screw compressor chillers.

• Publication date: 2022/07/15
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Chiller, Variable speed, Life cycle, Testing, Commercial building, Air conditioning, Screw compressor, Test rig, Standard
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 26^th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Activating circular economy for sustainable cooling: current status and barriers to lifecycle refrigerant management in India.

• Author(s) : GARG A., KUMAR S., BHASIN S.
• Publication date: 2023/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : India, Life cycle, Refrigerant, Recycling, Recovery, HFC, HCFC, Standard, Regulations, CO2 emission
• Formats : PDF

New heat pump life cycle performance assessment tool

The Air-conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Technology Institute (AHRTI) developed a tool to calculate Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP), using Microsoft Excel.

• Publication date : 2012/06/27

The life cycle of fluorocarbons: case studies

The Climate and Clean Air Coalition has published a guide for policymakers in which  good practices regarding the life cycle of fluorocarbons are discussed. Concrete examples of refrigerant recycling in...

• Publication date : 2022/07/08
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

India: The challenges of life-cycle refrigerant management

In May 2023, the CEEW published a study examining the current status of refrigerant recovery, recycling, reuse, and destruction in India.

• Publication date : 2023/08/07
• Subjects: Environment

China: Latest policy measures to tackle end-of-life recycling and disposal of cooling equipment

In 2024, China has implemented several measures to reduce emissions from HFC and HCFC refrigerant recycling and recovery through cooling equipment end-of-life recycling and disposal.

• Publication date : 2024/08/27
• Subjects: Regulation, General information

Assessment of the environmental impact of domestic refrigerators using LCCP

The environmental impact of domestic refrigerators over their lifetime has been quantified in different configurations (operating cycles, materials, insulation) in a recent IJR article. 

• Publication date : 2021/02/23

Bridging the refrigeration gap: How energy-efficient appliances can transform access for 1.12 billion people

According to a study by CLASP, doubling the energy efficiency of air conditioners and refrigerators by 2030 could reduce lifecycle costs by 60%, expanding access to an additional 320 million and 90 million...

• Publication date : 2025/04/23
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Developing country

Commercial refrigeration in Europe: huge potential for saving money

Compared to "remote rack CO2" systems, a store using integral display cases with propane (R290) as a refrigerant could achieve savings of over EUR 50,000 over a 10 year period, according to a life-cycle analysis.

• Publication date : 2018/03/22

Germany: IIR Junior Member C. Vering shows heat pumps can cut GHG emissions by 91%

C. Vering, C. Zibunas, et al. investigated the environmental performance of switching from boilers to heat pumps in residential buildings across Germany using life cycle assessment, in a study published recently...

• Publication date : 2025/08/21
• Subjects: Technology

Viet Nam National Cooling Action Plan targets 97% reduction in refrigeration emissions by 2045

Launched in December 2025, the Viet Nam’s first National Cooling Action Plan targets improvements in appliance efficiency, refrigerant lifecycle management, passive and urban cooling strategies, and cold chain...

• Publication date : 2026/02/26
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Recycling could significantly cut down emissions from HFC production

A team of researchers estimated that with 30% of recycled refrigerants in the annual output, CO2 emissions from the production of R134a could be reduced by about a...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: Environment

Alternative Cooling Technologies conference, London, 1st February 2005

This conference, which was co-sponsored by the UK Institute of Refrigeration and organised commercially by RAC magazine, was well attended with about 140 people present. It was arranged in five sessions. In the first session, speakers from UK...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Briefs: LCCP

The Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI) has opened bidding for a new research project to establish a standardized methodology to calculate the Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) for stationary heating, ventilation,...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Cryogenics: Energy Saving for Cryogenic Systems

The Cryogenics Group in the Accelerator Engineering Department of the Accelerator Division of Thomas Jefferson's National Accelerator Facilities has discovered a way of cutting the energy consumption of the compressors involved in cryocooling. The...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

The LNG-fuelled fleet continues to grow

According to the maritime classification and consultancy company DNV, orders for LNG-fuelled ships remained high in 2022, close to the record figure of 2021. The use of LNG as a...

• Publication date : 2023/02/20
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Refrigerated transport: innovative hybrid technology

Carrier Transicold introduced Deltek hybrid diesel electric technology to the refrigerated transport industry in October of this year. The ultra-high-performance, EPA-compliant system can be used in multi-temperature applications without...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

IIR Working Group publishes Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance

The Guidelines for Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) provide a harmonised method to calculate the LCCP for all types of stationary air conditioning, heat pumping and refrigeration systems.

• Publication date : 2016/01/27

Discover the 32nd IIR Informatory Note on the “Harmonization of Life Cycle Climate Performance Methodology”

This Informatory Note summarises the LCCP guidelines prepared by the Working Group. It provides recommended assumptions and data sources for different types of units, presents the various existing LCCP tools and outlines usages and limitations of...

• Publication date : 2016/11/09

Catch up on the IIR Working Group on LCCP evaluation in Chicago

IIR Working Group on Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) evaluation continues to make impressive headway.

• Publication date : 2015/02/11

Second meeting of the IIR Working Party on LCCP Evaluation in Gaithersburg

The second meeting of the IIR Working Party on Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) Evaluation took place at NIST in Gaithersburg, MD, USA.. The minutes of the meeting and other documents can be consulted on the Web page of the working party. The...

• Publication date : 2012/11/12

Sustainable cooling and heating in India: IIR partners in new INDEE3 project

The INDEE3 project aims to support India’s transition to low-carbon heating and cooling technologies. It promotes the use of natural refrigerants, improves refrigerant lifecycle management, and develops more...

• Publication date : 2025/07/09

SophiA Final Consortium Event: The IIR’s Strong Involvement in Sustainable Refrigeration Solutions for Africa

The Final Consortium Meeting of the SophiA Project took place in Karlsruhe, Germany, on 17–18 September 2025, co-organised by the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and Hochschule Karlsruhe...

• Publication date : 2025/09/24

Training and courses: New content available

Since its initial publication, a number of new courses have been added to the IIR refrigeration courses and training repertoire.

• Publication date : 2019/10/21

New EU research project BETTED gets underway!

The IIR is one of 10 partners of the new European research project aimed at promoting the energy transition of the dairy value chain.

• Publication date : 2024/03/27

Commission E2: at the forefront of heat pumps and energy recovery

Activities of the IIR’s Commission E2 “Heat Pumps, Energy Recovery”

• Publication date : 2015/07/01

News from IIR members: MYCOM Mayekawa

The Japanese compressor manufacturer MYCOM Mayekawa will be introducing its high-efficiency NH3/CO2 cooling system NewTon3000 within the context of the Garden City Ammonia Program (GCAP). GCAP is actively promoting CO2 emissions reduction and...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Job Opening - Senior Cooling Project Manager

The IIR is seeking a highly experienced and strategic Senior Cooling Project Manager to lead and coordinate international development projects focused on sustainable cooling and refrigeration, emissions...

• Publication date : 2025/10/02

IC2015 Workshops: An opportunity to join, share and build together

ICR2015: A chance to actively participate in the innovation of refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2015/06/17

Activities of IIR’s Commission B1 on “Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes”

Thermodynamics is essential for all topics covered by the IIR.

• Publication date : 2017/02/23

Activities of IIR’s Commission B2 on “Refrigerating Equipment”

Focus on the IIR's Commission B2

• Publication date : 2017/07/11

OEWG-47 Side Event Highlights on International Training and Certification Standards for RACHP

The Centro Studi Galileo (CSG) and the European association of refrigeration, air conditioning with support from the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) and Institute For Governance & Sustainable...

• Publication date : 2025/07/11
• Subjects: General information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)