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IIR document

Effect of immersion freezing on water migration in Huangguan pears.

• Author(s) : CAO X., ZHANG X., WANG Y., NIAN R., YOU K., ZHU D.
• Publication date: 2024/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Pear, Immersion, Freezing, Low temperature, Expérimentation, Organoleptic property
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 165
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

A review of storage temperature recommendations for apples and pears

• Author(s) : PRANGE R. K., WRIGHT A. H.
• Publication date: 2023/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Apple, Pear, Fruit, Controlled atmosphere, Chilling injury, Cold storage, Relative humidity, Ethylene, Cold chain, Review, Recommendation
• Source: Foods - vol. 12 - n. 3
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

X-ray CT-based CFD study to investigate the cooling process of packed pear fruit.

• Author(s) : GRUYTERS W., WANG Z., VERBOVEN P., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CFD, Temperature, Chilling, X-ray, Air, Fresh produce, Pear, Expérimentation, Packaging
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of forced-air cooling, low temperature storage and transportation, four retailing methods on quality of pears.

• Author(s) : YAN C., LIU S., JIA L., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Retail trade, Cold chain, Refrigerated transport, Pear, Weight loss, Cold storage
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Off grid long term pear storage; feasibility study of storage solely powered by local solar energy.

• Author(s) : GEIJN F. van de, LUKASSE L. J. S.
• Publication date: 2022/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Fruit, Pear, Solar energy, Cold storage, Energy consumption, Electricity, Case study, Energy storage, Developing country
• Source: 7^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (Online). Proceedings: April 11-13 2022
• Formats : PDF

Recubrimientos de mucílago de nopal y grenetina para mejorar la vida comercial de nectarina arcela mínimamente procesada.

Prickly pear pectin and tasteless gelatine-based coatings to improve the commercial life of minimally processed nectarines.

• Author(s) : LIRA-VARGAS A. A., CORRALES-GARCIA J., VALLE-GUADARRAMA S., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/19
• Languages : Spanish
• Source: CYTEF 2018. IX Congreso Ibérico y VII Congreso Iberoamericano de Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Valencia, España, 19-21 junio 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Building blocks for a digital twin of large cool store complexes.

• Author(s) : PHAN H. M., VAN CAUTEREN H., HERTOG M., VERLINDEN B., NICOLAI B., VERBOVEN P.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Modelling, Cold store, Fruit, Pear, Controlled atmosphere, CFD, Expérimentation, Energy efficiency, Internet of Things, Sensor, ENOUGH
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Cooling rates of fruits and vegetables.

• Author(s) : SAQUET A., BARBOSA A., ALMEIDA D.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : English
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality: pear (Bartlett)./ Recommandations pour maintenir la qualité après récolte : poire (Bartlett).

Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality: pear (Bartlett).

• Author(s) : MITCHAM E. J., CRISOSTO C. H., KADER A. A.
• Publication date: 2009/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Postharvest treatment, Physiological disorder, Controlled atmosphere, Temperature, Respiration, Chilling, Recommendation, Review, Pear, Humidity, Ethylene, Cold storage, Fruit, Storage condition, Storage life
• Source: Postharvest Technol., Res. Inf. Cent. - 3 p.; tabl.

Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality: pear (Anjou, Bosc and Comice)./ Recommandations pour maintenir la qualité après récolte : poire (Anjou, Bosc et Comice).

Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality: pear (Anjou, Bosc and Comice).

• Author(s) : MITCHAM E. J., CRISOSTO C. H., KADER A. A.
• Publication date: 2009/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Postharvest treatment, Physiological disorder, Controlled atmosphere, Variety, Temperature, Respiration, Chilling, Recommendation, Review, Pear, Humidity, Ethylene, Cold storage, Fruit, Storage condition, Storage life
• Source: Postharvest Technol., Res. Inf. Cent. - 3 p.; tabl.

IIR document

Production and preservation of pears.

• Organiser : IIF-IIR, ISHS
• Publication date: 1984
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Physiological disorder, Internal breakdown, Cultivation, Quality, Pear, Chilling injury, Fruit, Storage life
• Formats : Hard copy, PDF

IIR document

RESULTS OF AEROSOL TREATMENT FOR MOULD CONTROL ON PEARS.

• Author(s) : BIONDI G., MENNITI A. M., FOSCHI F.
• Publication date: 1983/08/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Fungicide, Rot, Mould, Botrytis, Chilling, Aerosol, Pear
• Source: [Refrigeration serving humanity]. Proceedings of the XVI^th international Congress of Refrigeration.
• Formats : PDF

Organic and integrated grown pears: aspects of postharvest behaviour.

• Author(s) : JOHANNES B.
• Publication date: 2003/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Variety, Quality, Pear, Expérimentation, Cold storage, Fruit
• Source: Proceedings of the International Conference Postharvest Unlimited.

Study on the low temperature hypobaric storage of gold pears.

• Author(s) : WANG Y.
• Publication date: 2006/05/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Low pressure, Process, Pear, Expérimentation, Cold storage, Fruit
• Source: ACRA-2006. Proceedings of the 3rd Asian conference on refrigeration and air conditioning.

Poire Elliot cov : date de récolte et condition d'affinage.

Elliot (cov) pear: harvest date and ripening conditions.

• Author(s) : LUROL S., MONTAGNON J. M., FLORENS B., et al.
• Publication date: 2008/07
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Pear, Cold storage, Fruit, Storage condition
• Source: Infos Ctifl - n. 243

Briefs: English pears all year round

Tesco, a UK-based retailer, has announced the availability of English pears all year round. Until now, the autumn fruit, which some consider the best in the world, was only available from September-May. Tesco's biggest pear supplier, Adrian...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

France: tax on refrigerants does not appear in the public finance draft bill of 2018 (in French)

The tax on refrigerants announced in July 2017 by the French Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition does not finally appear in the public finance draft bill.

• Publication date : 2017/10/10
• Subjects: Regulation

Magnetic-bearing centrifugal compressors

This new compressor technology - presented at the 2003 AHR Expo in Chicago - may have a significant effect on the future of mid-range chillers and rooftop applications in water-cooled, evaporatively cooled and air-cooled chilled-water and...

• Publication date : 2004/07/27

Briefs: Magnetic-levitation bearing system

The world's first large tonnage magnetic-levitation bearing air-cooled chiller for air conditioning is being installed in the American Embassy in Tokyo. The 2520-kW chiller plant consists of 12 MagLev Chiller modules. OBO, which installed it,...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Installation of a refrigerant separator in Bristol (UK)

After one year of planning, the refrigerant supplier A-Gas has completed the installation of a new refrigerant separator in Bristol.

• Publication date : 2017/09/28

European heat pump market repartition by energy source

Air continues to be the main energy source (more than 85%) used in the European heat pump markets. The aerothermal heat pump segment is dominated by air/air (with heating functionality) and air/water units used for heating and hot water production.

• Publication date : 2016/02/03
• Subjects: Figures, economy

U.S. Department of Energy funds 15 projects for more efficient cooling of data centres

As part of the country’s goal to achieve net-zero carbon by 2050, over 40 million USD funding to support the development of high-performance, energy efficient cooling solutions for...

• Publication date : 2023/05/30
• Subjects: Technology

In-transit cold treatment facilitates imports of South African fruits in India

A recent agreement between India and South Africa for in-transit cold treatment should benefit South African exporters of apples and pears.

• Publication date : 2022/09/12
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Developing country

District cooling: A market poised for strong growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

During summer, air conditioning accounts for about 70% of the total electricity consumption.

• Publication date : 2014/02/24

AHRI asks US Court of Appeals to review DOE's commercial refrigeration rule

The Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) claims that the Department of Energy’s (DOE) new energy conservation standards for commercial refrigeration equipment may be impossible to meet.

• Publication date : 2014/07/23
• Subjects: Regulation

Air paths inside fruit

Microscopically small structures inside pears and apples allow them to "breathe". Researchers at the Catholic University of Leuven and the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) have visualized these pathways for the first time, therefore...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Figures: refrigerated storage capacity in the US

In its January 2010 report, the US Department of Agriculture mentions that the general refrigerated storage capacity in the US totaled 107 million gross m3 in October 2009, an increase of 14% from October 2007. Usable refrigerated space in general...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Making ammonia systems safer

Andy Pearson’s keynote presentation at the 2013 IIR Ammonia Refrigeration Technology conference concludes that safety hazards related to ammonia could be mitigated through the correct design of systems, based on real health and safety issues.

• Publication date : 2013/10/01

Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI) for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

A microscopic Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI) protocol designed at CEA-I²BM enables high-resolution visualization of amyloid plaques, associated with Alzheimer’s disease, 15-20 years before the first signs of dementia and memory loss appear.

• Publication date : 2012/11/28

Dynamic controlled atmosphere for better quality apples

Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere (DCA) appeared in Canada ten years ago where O2 rates are lowered to 0.5% thanks to a sophisticated system used to monitor fruit quality during the process.

• Publication date : 2014/03/21

Obituary: S. Forbes Pearson

Dr S  Forbes Pearson, one of the most famous IIR person, passed away. The IIR presents its deepest sympathy and sincerest condolences to his family and relatives.

• Publication date : 2024/03/28

Activities of the IIR’s Commission A2 on Liquefaction and Separation of Gases

The problems related to thermodynamic optimization and new technologies in liquefaction and separation of gases are actual and critical for many branches of modern industry, power generation and medicine.

• Publication date : 2014/03/07

A new start

After 20 years serving the IIR as Director General, Didier Coulomb hands over to Yosr Allouche to manage and develop this organisation.

• Publication date : 2024/10/03

Get ready! Send in your application to the Best student paper competition at ICR 2023

Open to students up to Master’s level (plus one year) from engineering schools, universities or any other comparable higher education institution, the submitted work may focus on any technical area covered by...

• Publication date : 2023/03/30

IIR publications

The IIR is preparing 4 new publications that will be available by the end of 2007: - a booklet entitled Refrigeration Drives Sustainable Development which is an update of the 2002 report Refrigeration Sector Achievements and Challenges prepared...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

UN Climate Change Conference in Bali

- The 13th United Nations Conference of the Parties on Climate Change, which was also the 3rd meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, took place in Bali, Indonesia, on December 3-14, 2007. More than 10 000 persons attended this event which...

• Publication date : 2008/02/15

The IIR at COP13/CMP3 in Bali

During the United Nations Conference on Climate Change which was held in Bali, Indonesia on December 3-14, 2007, delegates have agreed on both the agenda for the negotiations and a 2009 deadline for completing them. However, the text does not...

• Publication date : 2007/12/27

Conference update: Ohrid

The 3rd IIR event in a series, Ammonia Refrigeration Technology was held on May 7-9, 2009, in Ohrid, Macedonia. With 95 participants from 24 countries and 32 papers presented, the event was very successful. A key focus of this series of...

• Publication date : 2009/05/27

Cold off the press: CO2 as a Refrigerant

The new IIR technical guide on the application of “CO2 as a Refrigerant" is now available from our online bookstore.

• Publication date : 2015/01/21

The First Students and Researchers Network!

During the Prague congress, a great turn-out of 70 young researchers of over 20 different nationalities met face to face with 30 leading experts in various fields of refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2011/09/19

New publications: Energy Savings

The IIR has published a new version of its guide Saving Energy in Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Heat-Pump Technology; the goal of this completely revised version prepared by Forbes Pearson and several IIR experts and launched during the Bali...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Upcoming conferences: Innovative Equipment and Systems for Comfort and Food Preservation

Innovative Equipment and Systems for Comfort and Food Preservation, an IIR Conference, will be held in Auckland, New Zealand on February 16-19, 2006. Keynote speakers: James Braun, Robert Heap, Forbes Pearson, Satish Kandlikar and Paul Waide....

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

New publications: Ammonia as a Refrigerant

The new version of the IIR's guide Ammonia as a Refrigerant has just been published! It was prepared by Dr A.B. Pearson, member of IIR Commission E1. The overarching aim is to enhance decision-makers', designers', fitters' and end-users' knowledge...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

UK: IoR dinner 2020 and Judith Evans receives award

During the IoR annual dinner 2020, the IoR recognised the contributions of outstanding individuals to the UK refrigeration industry.Judith Evans was awarded ACR Woman of the Year 2020.

• Publication date : 2020/04/05

Learn about the contribution of ammonia pioneers at the IOR historical talk on November 3

Travel back in time and find out more about the early pioneers of ammonia refrigeration at the Institute of Refrigeration's (IOR) historical TechTalk to be held online on November 3.

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: Technology

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Blends, HFO et HCFO

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs