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IIR document

Atomization characteristics of twin nozzles for outdoor snow-makers application.

• Author(s) : ZHANG B., WANG R., WU H., DONG P., XU R., XING M., CUI Z., YAN G., ZHANG H.
• Publication date: 2022/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Snow gun, Nozzle, Droplet, Expérimentation, Artificial snow
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 139
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Sensitivity of atomization characteristic to operation conditions for air-assisted atomizers in snow-makers.

• Author(s) : WANG R., ZHANG B., XU R., XING M., ZHANG H., YAN G., WU H.
• Publication date: 2023/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Artificial snow, Snow gun, Spraying, Expérimentation, Water-air
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 149
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CO2 refrigeration system for ice production in snow making generators at ambient temperatures above 0°C.

• Author(s) : EIKEVIK T. M., TOLSTOREBROV I., DIESETH J-D.
• Publication date: 2017/05/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Refrigerating system, Ice, Snow gun, R744, Artificial snow, Simulation, Ice making plant, Europe, Ambient condition
• Source: 7^th Conference on Ammonia and CO₂ Refrigeration Technology. Proceedings: Ohrid, North Macedonia, May 11-13, 2017.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Snowmelt modelling and solutions for outdoor snow storage.

• Author(s) : HEIMDAL M., EIKEVIK T. M., TOLSTOREBROV I.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Outdoor environment, Snow, Calculation, Mass transfer, Heat transfer, Solar radiation, Storage, Sport, Melting, Ambient condition
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Analysis of the characteristics of the gas–liquid mixed artificial snow-making.

• Author(s) : LIU B., HU H., BI L., THEODORAKIS P. E.
• Publication date: 2023/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Snow gun, Expérimentation, Simulation, Heat transfer, Mass transfer, Artificial snow, Evaporative system, Droplet, Relative humidity, Ambient condition
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 149
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Heat-driven snow production applying ejector and natural refrigerant.

• Author(s) : AASEN A., GABRIELII C., MOEN O. M.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Snow, Snow gun, Water, R718, Natural refrigerant, Ejector system, Waste heat, Heat recovery, Energy efficiency, Ice slurry, Simulation, Energy consumption
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Design performance of CO2 refrigeration systems for ice production in snow making generators at ambient temperatures above 0 °C.

• Author(s) : EIKEVIK T. M., TOLSTOREBROV I., BERGWITZ-LARSEN K. W., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice, Heat transfer, R744, Artificial snow, Simulation, Ice making plant, COP, CO2
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Faits et chiffres 2023 de la branche des remontées mécaniques suisses.

2023 facts and figures on the Swiss ski lift industry.

• Author(s) : STEIGER R.
• Publication date: 2023/11
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Economy, Switzerland, Snow, Artificial snow
• Formats : PDF, Website

IIR document

Effects of geometric parameters on flow and atomization characteristics of swirl nozzles for artificial snowmaking.

• Author(s) : DONG P., CHEN Q., LIU G., ZHANG B., YAN G., WANG R.
• Publication date: 2023/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Snow, Geometry, Modelling, Expérimentation, Nozzle, Simulation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 154
• Formats : PDF

Building envelope cooling load study for an indoor snow field with ETFE-roof.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : ZHANG J.
• Publication date: 2015/07
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Snow, Building, Solar radiation, Wall, Cooling load
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 45 - n. 305
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effects of CO2 snow addition during kneading on thermoregulation, dough rheological properties, and bread characteristics: A focus on ancient and modern wheat cultivars.

• Author(s) : CAPPELLI A., CANESSA J., CINI E.
• Publication date: 2020/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Snow, CO2, Bread, Dough, Rheological property, Expérimentation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 117
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Simulation study on atomization characteristics of swirl nozzle for artificial snowmaking.

• Author(s) : DONG P., LIU G., YAN G.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Artificial snow, Simulation, Expérimentation, Modelling, Nozzle, Thermodynamic property, Droplet
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Thermal analysis and optimization of an ice and snow melting system using geothermy by super-long flexible heat pipes

• Author(s) : WANG X., ZHU Y., ZHU M., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/02/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal analysis, Ice, Heat pipe, Geothermy, Snow, Heat transfer, Melting
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 112

Parametric Evaluation of Cooling Pipe in Direct Evaporation Artificial Ice Rink.

• Author(s) : ZHANG Z., WANG S., YANG M., GONG K., CHEN Y.
• Publication date: 2022/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Artificial snow, Skating rink, Heat transfer, Pipe, Cooling, Simulation, Evaporation, Heat flux
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 21
• Formats : PDF

Shelf life of snow crab clusters (Chionoecetes opilio) stored at 0 and 4°C.

• Author(s) : LORENTZEN G., ROTABAKK B. T., OLSEN S. H., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/01
• Languages : English
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 59

Briefs: Snow fleas and transplant organs

Researchers have discovered that a potent antifreeze protein (AFP) that protects snow fleas from freezing may allow longer storage of transplant organs. The protein has been isolated and inhibits ice growth, potentially making it possible to store...

• Publication date : 2007/02/12

A Norwegian project: Snow for the future

An independent research organisation and a Norwegian university are developing a heat pump system to produce snow, even if the temperature are above freezing.

• Publication date : 2017/06/02

Japan: snow cooling created greater CO2 emissions

An experiment to ship snow from the north of Japan to help reduce the air conditioning load in Tokyo has created CO2 emissions three times greater than the emissions reduction achieved.

• Publication date : 2014/02/06

Carbon dioxide snow to clean spatial telescope

An interesting method to keep the Webb Space Telescope mirror, seven times larger than Hubble, spotless.

• Publication date : 2015/11/02

Report on "Cryogen-Expo" 2004, Moscow

The 3rd International Specialized Trade Fair "Cryogen-Expo", was held in Moscow on November 16-19, 2004. The main purpose of this successful event was to demonstrate and promote the achievements of cryogenic engineering and applied technologies in...

• Publication date : 2004/12/22

China: World's largest indoor ski resort applies energy saving measures

Shanghai’s new indoor ski resort relies heavily on refrigeration technologies, including 33 snow-making machines to feed the pistes.

• Publication date : 2024/11/06
• Subjects: General information

UNEP knowledge maps of refrigeration sector organisations and training centres worldwide

UNEP has launched its OzonAction Knowledge Maps tool, which offers access to data and information about relevant stakeholders in the refrigeration sector, including air conditioning and heat pumps (RACHP)...

• Publication date : 2021/07/15
• Subjects: General information

China first refrigerated container train leaves for Moscow.

A new transport link between China and Russia.

• Publication date : 2017/01/31

Cold storage of evergreen seedlings affected by global warming

Due to global warming, conifer seedlings are more often exposed to desiccation during snow-free winters. Overwinter cold storage allows to improve their survival, provided that...

• Publication date : 2022/05/23
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Incredible Harbin ice sculptures

The 31st International Snow and Ice Festival opened on 5 January 2015 in Harbin, northeast China.

• Publication date : 2015/03/06

Frozen “to death” and… “resuscitated”!

Justin Smith was found “dead frozen” by his father Don in Pennsylvania. After 12 hours spent in the snow at -20°C, Justin was first declared dead. The secret that saved Smith lies in the way the body slows down as it gets colder.

• Publication date : 2016/06/21

Eco-friendly skiing in Spain

Dutch architects working for SnowWorld say they have found a way to build an indoor ski facility with a difference in warm Barcelona.

• Publication date : 2012/04/25

Cryogenics: Ed

Ed, a discount grocery operating in France, does not use pallets in dual-temperature trucks to deliver products from its 8 warehouses to its 800 retail outlets. Instead, Ed has opted for a cryogenic refrigeration system combining carbon dioxide...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Chill factorE

Chill factorE, the UK's longest and the world's widest indoor ski slope (180 m long and 100 m wide), also featuring a separate luge slope, has opened in Manchester. In the GBP 31 million facility, snow is produced at night: the air is lowered to...

• Publication date : 2008/01/23

World's largest indoor ski slope in Dubai

Dubai has announced it will build the world’s largest indoor ski resort, with a 1.2 kilometre run.

• Publication date : 2015/10/12

International events: Moscow

The First International Scientific Conference on Industrial Gases was held at Bauman Moscow State Technical University (MMSTU) in Moscow on March 11, 2009, under the auspices of the IIR. It marked the 100th anniversary of the First Congress of...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

International events: Moscow

The 6th Cryogen-Expo took place in Moscow on November 13-16, 2007. Fifty-nine exhibitors from 10 countries took part, and a conference on Cryogenic Technologies and Equipment and Prospects of Development was staged on November 14-15. The IIR ran a...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

The IIR at COP 26 in Glasgow

As an intergovernmental organisation (IGO), the IIR is systematically invited to the various Conferences of the Parties on climate change and has the opportunity to make a statement in plenary session in front...

• Publication date : 2021/11/29
• Subjects: Environment

Test your knowledge with the IIR Quiz: Refrigeration in Numbers

Are you up to speed on the latest figures in the field of refrigeration? Test your knowledge with the IIR Refrigeration Quiz.

• Publication date : 2016/12/01

What you didn’t know about IIR membership!

Access, join, engage! Join the IIR and become a part of an international network dedicated to refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2021/04/13

IIR member news : Linde

The CSG-4 snow generator allows to generate snow on demand or via programming and is claimed to offer a cost effective and safe alternative to dry ice pellets.

• Publication date : 2015/05/20

IIR Member news: Star Refrigeration installs ammonia chillers in an indoor skiing facility

After 90 years of existence, indoor skiing now uses modern and energy efficient technologies. Star Refrigeration participates in this evolution with its ammonia chillers.

• Publication date : 2018/12/27

News from IIR members: Nestlé

Nestlé is conducting unique research with the Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research in Switzerland (SLF) with a view to identifying the main mechanisms that alter the texture and structure of ice cream.

• Publication date : 2012/06/25

News from IIR members: Danfoss

A pleasant indoor climate and no energy costs. This is what it feels like to live in the Zero+ house - the first home in Denmark that produces more power than is actually consumed. The house supplies its own heating and electricity and generates...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

What role does social media play in today’s refrigeration industry?

Today, social media has become an important tool of daily life for many across the globe in diverse fields and sectors. Learn how to reap the benefits of social media in your expertise.

• Publication date : 2016/04/13

IIR Quiz: The Impact of the Refrigeration Sector on Climate Change

Think you know everything there is to know about the refrigeration sector and its impact on climate change? Test your knowledge on refrigeration and the environment.

• Publication date : 2017/12/08

Professor Arhkarov's birthday

This month, Prof. Alexey M. Arkharov, a well known scientist in the field of cryogenics, celebrated his 90th birthday.

• Publication date : 2021/01/29

Commission C1: At the forefront of Cryobiology, Cryomedicine and Health Products

The commission has clearly defined objectives in cryobiology, cryomedicine and health products research; knowledge dissemination; technology transfer and education.

• Publication date : 2016/06/01

Commission D2: at the forefront of refrigerated transport

Coordinated by the IIR Science and Technology Council, Commission D2 is aimed at promoting knowledge of refrigerated transport technology worldwide.

• Publication date : 2016/03/09

Spotlight on Commission B2: at the forefront of refrigerating equipment

Coordinated by the IIR Science and Technology Council, Commission B2 focuses on promoting knowledge of refrigerating equipment technologies and their applications worldwide.

• Publication date : 2015/05/15

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG