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IIR document

Integrated cryogenic quantum refrigeration of electrons.

• Author(s) : YAZAWA K., SHAKOURI A.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamics, Superconduction, Joule-Thomson, Equilibrium, Modelling, Fermi, Electron, Cryocooler, Cryogenics, COP
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Electron-beam generated macroporous cryogels.

• Author(s) : REICHELT S.
• Publication date: 2016/09/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryobiology, Polymer, Porous medium, Expérimentation, Electron
• Source: 2^nd IIR Workshop on cold applications in life sciences.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Efficiency of operation of cryogenic system of superconducting wigglers with cryocoolers.

• Author(s) : KHRUSCHEV S., MEZENTSEV N., SHKARUBA V., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Superconduction, Radiation, Liquid helium, Two-stage system, Performance, Expérimentation, Electron, Cryocooler, Accelerator
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Cooling of electronic devices: Nanofluids contribution.

• Author(s) : COLANGELO G., FAVALE E., MILANESE M., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/12/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electronic component, Heat transfer, Cooling, Review, Nanofluid, Miniaturization
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 127

IIR document

Cryogenic technologies for electron microscopy.

• Author(s) : URBAN P., BRAUNER T., KRUTIL V., HANZELKA P., HRUBANOVA K., KRZYZANEK V.
• Publication date: 2025/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryogenics, Cryostat, Cryomicroscopy, Electron microscopy, Liquid helium, Liquid nitrogen, Dewar
• Source: Cryogenics 2025. Proceedings of the 18^th IIR International Conference on Cryogenics, Prague, Czech Republic, 7-11 April 2025.
• Formats : PDF

Investigation of the electrochemical looping heat pump in heating mode.

• Author(s) : PERGANTIS E.N., BRAUN J. E., GROLL E. A., ZIVIANI D.
• Publication date: 2022
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamic cycle, Fuel cell, Heat pump, Low GWP, COP, Electron, Heating, Modelling
• Source: 2022 Purdue Conferences. 19^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

A review of small heat pipes for electronics.

• Author(s) : CHEN X., YE H., FAN X., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/03/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pipe, Electronics, Manufacture, Cooling, Review, Material
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 96

IIR document

Cryogenic electron microscopy in life sciences and soft matter.

• Author(s) : KRZYZANEK V., HRUBANOVA K.
• Publication date: 2025/04/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryobiology, Cryomicroscopy, Cryotemperature, Freezing, Imaging, Sampling, Electron microscopy
• Source: Cryogenics 2025. Proceedings of the 18^th IIR International Conference on Cryogenics, Prague, Czech Republic, 7-11 April 2025.
• Formats : PDF

Performance of a thermoelectric cooling system integrated with a gravity-assisted heat pipe for cooling electronics.

• Author(s) : SUN X., ZHANG L., LIAO S.
• Publication date: 2017/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pipe, Gravity, Electronics, Electronic component, Heat transfer, Thermoelectricity, Cooling, Modelling
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 116

IIR document

Air-driven cooling device for high tech electronics.

• Author(s) : VACEK V., DOUBEK M.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electronics, Low temperature, Vortex tube, Air cooler, Prototype, Heat exchanger
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

An ultra-thin miniature loop heat pipe cooler for mobile electronics.

• Author(s) : ZHOU G., LI J., LV L.
• Publication date: 2016/10/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pipe, Electronics, Cooling, Performance, Miniaturization, Testing
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 109, part A

IIR document

Progress on power electronics for electrocaloric heat pump systems.

• Author(s) : MÖNCH S., REINER R., BASLER M., MANSOUR K., GRIESHABER D., WALTEREIT P., QUAY R., BARTHOLOME K.
• Publication date: 2024/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electrocaloric cooling, Heat pump, Electronics, Performance, Power, Condenser, Review, COP
• Source: Thermag - 10^th IIR Conference on Caloric Cooling and Applications of Caloric Materials
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental investigations on cooling with heat pipe in electronics applications.

• Author(s) : ATILLA B., BIROL K., MERT S., MALIK C.
• Publication date: 2026/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Data centre, Heat pipe, Performance, Electronic component, Cooling, PCM
• Source: 9^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: April 12-14 2026
• Formats : PDF

CFD study of constructal microchannel networks for liquid-cooling of electronic devices.

• Author(s) : RUBIO-JIMENEZ C. A., HERNANDEZ-GUERRERO A., CERVANTES J. G., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/02/25
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electronics, CFD, Microchannel, Liquid, Design, Cooling, Simulation
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 95

IIR document

Application of electronic expansion valves in domestic refrigerators.

• Author(s) : KNABBEN F. T., RONZONI A. F., HERMES C. J. L.
• Publication date: 2020/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Household refrigerator, Energy consumption, Capillary tube, Electronic expansion valve, Simulation, Model, Compressor
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 119
• Formats : PDF

Briefs: LG Electronics

LG Electronics announced recently that the company continued its run as the top air conditioners manufacturer for the 7th consecutive year. According to Fuji-Keizai Co. Ltd, LG sold 12.3 million air-conditioning units worldwide in 2006,...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Briefs: Electronic air conditioning

David Sattler, from Sattler Consulting, a Melbourne-based firm (Australia) was awarded an AUD 80000 federal government grant to further his work on a new type of air conditioner, allowing for large cooling effects (and a heating potential) with...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

The Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

According to the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive Annex II, "Equipment containing gases that are ozone depleting or have a global warming potential (GWP) above 15, such as those contained in foams and refrigeration...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

LG Electronics leads AC world sales

LG Electronics, a Korean company, sold more than 10 million air-conditioning units in 2004, making it the largest company in the world in terms of AC market share. This marks the fifth successive year LG has held the top spot in air conditioner...

• Publication date : 2005/03/15

China: expanding electronic expansion valve market

Electronic expansion valves are mainly used in inverter air conditioners to automatically adjust refrigerant flow to achieve better energy-saving performance. This technology is one of the 30 key energy-saving technologies promoted by the Chinese...

• Publication date : 2011/06/08

New magnetic nanocooling technology decreases the environmental impact of cooling and avoids side effects of magnetic fields on electronics

Researchers from the University of Cambridge, UK, and CICnanoGUNE in Spain have developed new cooling technology for the thermal management of computer chips and other miniaturized devices. It utilizes materials that change temperature when...

• Publication date : 2013/08/19

World's smallest electronic expansion valve

Danfoss recently presented a small electronic expansion valve, especially used for air conditioners with variable refrigerant flow.

• Publication date : 2020/07/01

A new track for efficient cooling of electronics.

Cooling is imperative to prolonging electronic lifespan and to allow a reduction in energy use.

• Publication date : 2015/10/08

Visualization of artificial proteins with cryo-electron microscopy

A team of researchers managed to visualize the atomic structure of peptoids.

• Publication date : 2019/12/30

The challenges of thermal management of next-generation electronic equipment

With the increasing integration and miniaturization of electronic devices, the heat flows they generate are constantly increasing. Spray cooling has many advantages in this regard. 

• Publication date : 2023/03/27

Cryo-electron microscopy wins the 2017 chemistry Nobel Prize

On October 2017, Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), Joachim Frank (USA) and Richard Henderson (UK) were awarded the chemistry Nobel Prize for cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM).

• Publication date : 2017/12/18

Piezoelectric cooling technologies offer new solutions for thermal management in compact electronics

As electronic devices continue to reduce in size while increasing in power, efficient heat dissipation is becoming a critical challenge. A recent review published on the International Journal of Refrigeration...

• Publication date : 2026/03/10
• Subjects: Technology

A nanoelectronic chip cooled to the world record temperature of 2.8 mK

A group of researchers of the University of Basel succeeded in cooling a nanoelectronic chip to a temperature very close to absolute zero thanks to magnetic cooling.

• Publication date : 2018/03/22

Data centres: the challenges of energy-efficient chip cooling

Innovative liquid cooling solutions are under development to further reduce energy consumption in the ever-growing number of data centres. 

• Publication date : 2024/01/26
• Subjects: Technology

Heat pumps without compressors: Fraunhofer advances electrocaloric technology

A consortium or researchers in Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft research organisation, Germany, made great progress in terms of material and system design, and set up the first demonstrators for electrocaloric heat...

• Publication date : 2025/02/19
• Subjects: Technology

FRIDOC now features a selection of MDPI articles on refrigeration

About 150 articles from MDPI journals, including review articles on various refrigeration technologies, are available in FRIDOC.

• Publication date : 2022/07/28
• Subjects: General information

50% off! Special World Refrigeration Day sale on a selection of IIR publications

As part of the 2025 IIR World Refrigeration Day event, we are offering a 50%-off sale from June 18 to June 26, 2025 on all IIR papers and a selection of IIR guides.

• Publication date : 2025/06/18

50% off! Special Heat Pump Day sale on a selection of IIR publications

In celebration of Heat Pump Day 2025, we are offering a 50%-off sale from October 20 to October 24, 2025 on all IIR papers and a selection of IIR guides.

• Publication date : 2025/10/20
• Subjects: General information

Cooling data centres: A major economic challenge

Larger data centres can use a staggering amount of energy just to ensure the day-to-day running of electronic equipment. As a result, these data centres can produce a great deal of heat, which require large-scale cooling systems in order to...

• Publication date : 2017/03/29

The IIR launches a brand new website

With a fresh and modern design that will adapt to any electronic device for comfortable viewing, the new website of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) will provide user-friendly access to the most relevant information in...

• Publication date : 2020/03/31

Newsletter survey: outcome

Many thanks to those of you - over 300 - who devoted a little time to answering the "Newsletter of the IIR …What do you think of it?" survey issued in Newsletter No. 19. A striking feature of this survey was the high level of satisfaction it...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

The new e-Bulletin

Many of you are already aware that the Bulletin of the IIR is now being provided in electronic form. The new e-Bulletin, available via Internet, contains all the information provided in the paper version of the Bulletin: abstracts of articles and...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

News from IIR members: Solar hybrid air conditioner launched by LG

LG Electronics (LG) recently announced Korea's first eco-friendly residential hybrid air conditioner that utilizes solar energy as part of its power supply. By combining power generated through the solar cell module attached to the top of the...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

IIR committee meetings

The Management Committee (MC) of the IIR met in Paris on November 29, 2005. On November 28, two other meetings took place: the Publications Sub-Committee (PSC) meeting and the meeting of the representatives of the Science and Technology Council to...

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

IIR committee meetings in Beijing

The Management Committee of the IIR met in Beijing on March 25, 2006. Two other meetings took place the same week: the Publications Sub-Committee (PSC) meeting and the meeting of the representatives of the Science and Technology Council to the...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

IIR Committee meetings

- The Management Committee (MC) of the IIR, chaired by H. van der Ree, met at the head office of the IIR on November 6, 2004. The MC held a large strategic debate on the future, the position of the IIR and communication to be developed,...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Corporate members: news

- During the IIAR's 2008 Ammonia Refrigeration and Conference, the first fundraising event, a golf tournament, was held in order to launch Ammonia Refrigeration Foundation actions. The recently formed foundation will promote charitable,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

Brno Hosts International Workshop on Cryogenic Microscopy and Spectroscopy on 23–26 March 2026

The Workshop on Cryogenic Microscopy & Spectroscopy took place at the Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences (ISI CAS) in Brno, Czech Republic. It was organised by ISI CAS in collaboration with...

• Publication date : 2026/06/10
• Subjects: General information

Editorial by Didier Coulomb

The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) publishes two journals and a newsletter. This editorial focuses on the objectives of these publications that are changing fast in the case of two of them, thanks to new information technologies....

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

IIR committees meetings in Cambridge

The Management Committee of the IIR met in Cambridge (UK) on March 19, 2005. It was invited by the UK Institute of Refrigeration and Cambridge Refrigeration Technology (CRT), thanks to Robert Heap. The main points discussed during were: - the...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction