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United States Energy & Employment Report 2024.

• Author(s) : US Department of Energy
• Publication date: 2024
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF, XLSX

Next-Generation Residential Space Conditioning System in the United States.

• Author(s) : AMARNATH A., BEAINI S., TAM A., AHMED J.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

Geospatial factors affecting equitable US residential heating electrification.

• Author(s) : BISCOCHO K. A.
• Publication date: 2023/05
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

The US merchant CO2 report: expanding opportunities in refrigeration.

• Author(s) : GARVEY M. D.
• Publication date: 2015/05
• Languages : English
• Source: CryoGas International

Prevalence and level of Listeria monocytogenes in ice cream linked to a Listeriosis outbreak in the United States.

• Author(s) : CHEN Y., BURALL L. S., MACARISIN D., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/11
• Languages : English
• Source: Journal of Food Protection - vol. 79 - n. 11

Recommended by the IIR

Heat pumps in the United States: market potentials, challenges and opportunities, technology advances.

• Author(s) : MALHOTRA M., LI Z., LIU X., LAPSA M., BOUZA T., VINEYARD E.
• Publication date: 2023/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: 14^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2023, Chicago, Illinois.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Industrial High Temperature Heat Pumps – Ongoing Research in the USA.

• Author(s) : AMARNATH A., VAIRAMOHAN B.
• Publication date: 2023/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: 14^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2023, Chicago, Illinois.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

CO2 supermarket refrigeration systems for southeast Asia and the USA.

• Author(s) : SHARMA V., FRICKE B., BANSAL P.
• Publication date: 2014/08/02
• Languages : English
• Source: 11^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2014). Proceedings. Hangzhou, China, August 31-September 2, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

Review of Adoption Status of Sustainable Energy Technologies in the US Residential Building Sector.

• Author(s) : SCHWARTZ E., KRARTI M.
• Publication date: 2022/03
• Languages : English
• Source: Energies - vol. 15 - n. 6
• Formats : PDF

The implications of residential air conditioning refrigerant choice on future hydrofluorocarbon consumption in the United States.

• Author(s) : GODWIN D. S., FERENCHIAK R.
• Publication date: 2020
• Languages : English
• Source: Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences. - vol. 17
• Formats : PDF

Cooling Down the U.S. with Maximum Heat Pump Adoption.

• Author(s) : Energy Solutions, VEIC, Arup
• Publication date: 2022/07
• Languages : English
• Formats : PDF

Considerable contribution of the Montreal Protocol to declining greenhouse gas emissions from the United States.

• Author(s) : HU L., MONTZKA S. A., LEHMAN S. J., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Geophysical Research Letters - vol.44 - n.15
• Formats : PDF

Characteristics of energy consumption by building type of a U.S. navy installation in hot and humid climate.

• Author(s) : LIU X., AL BARWANI A., SHEN H.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 4^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Comparison of building energy codes in Australia, United States and China for Australian commercial building energy conservation.

• Author(s) : MA Y., SAHA S. C., MILLER W., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/05
• Languages : English
• Source: EcoLibrium - vol. 17 - n. 4
• Formats : PDF

Industrial heat pumps: electrifying process heat supply in the United States through technology demonstration and market transformation actions.

• Author(s) : SCHEIHING P., HOFFMEISTER A., RIGHTOR E., PAPAR R.
• Publication date: 2023/05/15
• Languages : English
• Source: 14^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2023, Chicago, Illinois.
• Formats : PDF

US refrigerated warehouse capacity in 2023

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has released its biennial report on the country's refrigerated warehouse capacity for the year 2023.

• Publication date : 2024/02/16
• Subjects: Figures, economy

US refrigerated warehouse capacity in 2021

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has published its biennial report on the capacity of refrigerated warehouses in the country for 2021.

• Publication date : 2022/02/14
• Subjects: Figures, economy

History of the expansion of air conditioning in the United States

An article published in the Guardian goes through the history of air conditioning development in the United States.

• Publication date : 2019/09/30
• Subjects: General information

United States: latest news on HFC regulations

The US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia has restored restrictions on the transition from ozone-depleting substances to high GWP HFCs.

• Publication date : 2020/04/24
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Regulation

US ratifies the Kigali Amendment

Following its successful passage through the Senate in September, the USA has now ratified the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.

• Publication date : 2022/11/03

HFC regulation in Europe and the United States

At the beginning of October, a provisional agreement was reached to update the F-Gas regulation in Europe, and the United States announced measures limiting the GWP of refrigerants used in several types of air...

• Publication date : 2023/10/24
• Subjects: Regulation

US to ban high-GWP refrigerants

A rule proposal by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provides that all high-GWP HFCs, including R134a, R404A and R410A, will be banned in most new refrigeration equipment...

• Publication date : 2023/01/26
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Regulation

Museums dedicated to refrigeration in the United States

There are several museums dedicated to refrigeration in the United States: one in Pennsylvania has just added a 1936 refrigerated wagon to its collection. 

• Publication date : 2021/11/29
• Subjects: General information

HFC phase-down in the USA, in China and in Europe

Prospects for the ratification of the Kigali Amendment by China and the US, and new bans on HFCs under  the F-Gas Regulation in Europe 

• Publication date : 2021/05/31
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

United States: more stringent energy efficiency standards for refrigerators

The US Department of Energy imposes targets for reducing the energy consumption of refrigerators and freezers by 10 to 15% by 2029-2030

• Publication date : 2024/01/26
• Subjects: Regulation

United States: the HVACR workforce on the rise in 2023

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of technicians employed in the heating and refrigeration sector in the US rose by 6% between 2022 and 2023. 

• Publication date : 2024/09/27

US: EPA to strengthen HFC laws

The proposed changes to Section 608 of the Clean Air Act, published on November 9, 2015, aim at reducing emissions of ozone depleting substances (ODS) and substitute HFC refrigerants during the maintenance, service, repair and disposal of appliances.

• Publication date : 2016/05/02
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Regulation

Refrigerated storage market in the US

Industry revenue has grown at an average of 2.0% per year to USD 6.0 billion in the five years to 2013

• Publication date : 2013/12/17
• Subjects: Figures, economy

US commercial refrigeration equipment

Transportation refrigeration systems are the largest share of commercial refrigeration equipment demand in the US at 23 percent of the 2015 total.

• Publication date : 2016/04/06
• Subjects: Figures, economy

US HFC phase-down: alternative refrigerants for commercial refrigeration

2022 marks the start of new HFC regulatory requirements in the US. An online tool is available that presents alternative refrigerants for commercial refrigeration.

• Publication date : 2022/04/11
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Regulation

The IIR worldwide

Focus on the latest IIR interventions around the world.

• Publication date : 2019/01/31
• Subjects: General information

IIR member news: Star Refrigeration

The UK company Star Refrigeration has announced the launch of a new subsidiary, Azane Inc., to manufacture and supply their “low-charge ammonia” Azane technology in the US.

• Publication date : 2014/05/25

What’s on the IIR’s 2024 conference calendar?

The IIR calendar for 2024 features a promising choice of events covering cutting-edge refrigeration themes such as the cold chain, natural refrigerants, compressor technologies and much more! 

• Publication date : 2023/06/28

Discover the newly-elected IIR Section and Commission heads

Welcome the IIR’s new statutory body members!

• Publication date : 2019/08/29

Focus on the last events in June 2021

In June 2021, the IIR organised two conferences: Thermag and HFO. It also participated in the European Conferences on the latest technologies in refrigeration and air conditioning organised by Centro Studi...

• Publication date : 2021/06/29

IIR’s contribution and key outcomes at COP29

The International Institute of Refrigeration actively participated in COP29/CMP19/CMA6 held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from 11 November to 22 November 2024, contributing to key discussions and fostering discussions...

• Publication date : 2024/12/17
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment

The OEWG 38: dedicated to the phase down of hydrofluorocarbons

The IIR reports back from the 38th Open-Ended Working Group meeting in Vienna

• Publication date : 2016/07/27

Paris Agreement signed and the OEWG37 makes headway

Find out how the Paris Agreement, adopted during the Conference of Parties (COP21) and signed on 22 April 2016, and advancements at the 37th Meeting of the Open-ended Working Group of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (OEWG37) will impact the...

• Publication date : 2016/04/26

Commission E2: at the forefront of heat pumps and energy recovery

Activities of the IIR’s Commission E2 “Heat Pumps, Energy Recovery”

• Publication date : 2015/07/01

Focus on Commission B1 : Leading the way in thermodynamics and transfer processes

The objectives of Commission B1 on Thermodynamics and Transfer Processes are to provide academic and industrial information and data, and to propose any solutions on thermodynamics and transfer processes.

• Publication date : 2016/04/20

Past events: the IIR at the CYTEF congress and Purdue conferences

In June and July, the IIR's Director General attended the CYTEF and Purdue conferences, both sponsored by the IIR.   

• Publication date : 2024/08/02

COP23 and MOP29 highlight the impact of refrigeration on the environment

As an independent intergovernmental organisation, the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is actively involved in international events related to the climate.

• Publication date : 2017/11/29

Discover the new IIR Science and Technology Council

With 8 newly elected presidents and vice-presidents, 3 reassignments and 5 reappointments, this new Science and Technology Council (STC), mandated from 2015 to 2019, is set to bring forth fresh ideas and novel change.

• Publication date : 2016/02/10

Upcoming cutting-edge IIR events for 2016

IIR conference activities in 2016 show a promising choice of events covering cutting-edge refrigeration themes from refrigerants to energy issues.

• Publication date : 2016/05/25

Purdue Conferences 2021

Co-sponsored by the IIR and held online for the very first time, the 2021 Purdue Conferences welcomed over 600 registered participants on May 24-28. 

• Publication date : 2021/05/31

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs