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A mass-spring-damper model of a pulsating heat pipe with a non-uniform and asymmetric filling.
Survival of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 30 on inoculated almonds stored at -20, 4, 23 and 35°C.
Integrated electro-hydraulic machine with self-cooling possibilities for non-road mobile machinery.
IIR document
Performance characterization of a bubble pump for vapor absorption refrigeration systems.
Rotary compressor performance analysis by CFD: using two high pressure refrigerants (R134A and R410A).
Development of a novel flow control system with arduino microcontroller embedded in double effect absorption chillers using the LiBr/H2O pair.
Investigation of an integrated low carbon solar assisted heat pump.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Free cooling potential for Brazilian data centers based on approach point methodology.
Understanding the market need for skills in alternative refrigerants with low global warming potential in the EU region – A comprehensive survey on Refrigerant Emissions And Leakage (REAL) alternatives programme.
Carbon reduction opportunities for supermarkets.
Evaluation and development of flow condensation correlations using the data from low GWP refrigerants in an axial micro-fin aluminum tube.
Numerical simulation of a flat-sheet membrane-based dehumidifier with various serpentine flow channels.
Economic analysis of separation unit of methanol to propylene production based on optimization of refrigeration cycles using pinch and exergy analysis.
Modelling and simulation of heat sink cascade CO2 systems in low-income countries with high ambient temperature.
Viscosity of refrigerants and other working fluids from residual entropy scaling.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
60 results
Spain ratifies the Kigali Amendment
Spain becomes the 150th country to ratify the Kigali Amendment.
Egypt ratifies the Kigali Amendment
Egypt becomes the 152nd country to ratify the Kigali Amendment.
Djibouti ratifies the Kigali Amendment
Djibouti becomes the 157th country to ratify the Kigali Amendment.
Kenya confirms acceptance of the Kigali Amendment
Kenya becomes the 154th country to ratify the Kigali Amendment.
Guatemala ratifies the Kigali Amendment
Guatemala becomes the 156th country to ratify the Kigali Amendment.
Thailand ratifies the Kigali Amendment
Thailand becomes the 158th country to ratify the Kigali Amendment.
US ratifies the Kigali Amendment
Following its successful passage through the Senate in September, the USA has now ratified the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
Global demand for HVAC equipment on the rise
Global HVAC demand to reach USD 107 billion in 2016, with Asia Pacific in the lead.
Republic of Korea ratifies the Kigali Amendment
South Korea becomes the 147th country to ratify the Kigali Amendment.
The UAE ratifies the Kigali Amendment
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) becomes the 159th country to ratify the Kigali Amendment.
Nigeria commissions first hydrocarbon refrigerant plant
According to the Nigerian Guardian, the Nigerian Federal Government, in collaboration with UNDP, has commissioned a pilot hydrocarbon refrigerant plant, in the village of Irolu in Ogun State
Cooling demand is booming
The boom in cooling demand is already well established for some products in some countries: fridge ownership among Chinese urban households rose from 7% in 1995 to 95% in 2007, for example.
Indian LNG demand shows rapid growth due to high demand
The Indian Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas claims that LNG accounted for 41% of India’s total gas consumption in 2012 - 2013 and will account50% in 2013 – 2014: a 25% rise.
Kigali Amendment: summary of the countries that have ratified
42 countries have ratified the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
Benefits of energy-efficient refrigeration and of the Kigali Amendment
Supported by figures, a recent IEA-UN Environment Programme report highlights the growing importance of refrigeration in the world and the necessity to deliver efficient and climate-friendly refrigeration for...
IIR news
7 results
Encyclopedia Update: Latest Kigali Amendment Ratification Status by Country
Using the latest data from UNTC, we have compiled an interactive list of countries that have ratified the Kigali agreement.
Press release: The International Institute of Refrigeration Creates a New Working Group on Careers in Refrigeration
The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is delighted to announce its new Working Group on Careers in Refrigeration “CaRe”, chaired by Dr Catarina Marques.
IIR engages in key discussions at ASHRAE Winter Conference 2025
The IIR took an active role in the 2025 ASHRAE Winter Conference, where global refrigeration and HVAC leaders gathered to explore advancements in sustainable technologies, industry challenges, and future...
New IIR Working Group on Careers in Refrigeration “CaRe”
The IIR is delighted to announce the new IIR Working Group on Careers in Refrigeration “CaRe”, chaired by Dr Catarina Marques.
IIR wins ECREEE Award for solar cooling and heating efforts in Africa with SophiA
The ECOWAS Sustainable Energy Forum took place in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire on November 28-29. The IIR organised a SophiA workshop and was honoured with an ECREEE Award for its outstanding contribution to...
IIR joins key stakeholder talks on AHEAD program in Delhi
Yosr Allouche, Director General of the IIR, had the distinct honour of participating in the National Stakeholder Consultation for the “Alleviating Heat Stress by Enhancing Production of Affordable Cooling...
The activities of CaRe, the IIR working group on careers in refrigeration
CaRe, the new IIR working group dedicated to promoting careers in refrigeration to the younger generation and particularly women, has organised two events at the ICCC2018 conference in Beijing.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
Kigali Amendment status per country
List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
