Search results

Effect of cryoprotectant on optimal cooling rate during cryopreservation.

• Author(s) : DEVISMITA D., KUMAR A.
• Publication date: 2015/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryoprotectant, Cooling rate, Cell, Optimization, Cryopreservation
• Source: Cryobiology - vol. 70 - n. 1

Cooling rates of fruits and vegetables.

• Author(s) : SAQUET A., BARBOSA A., ALMEIDA D.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Precooling, Cooling rate, Heat transfer, Parameter, Vegetable, Horticulture, Expérimentation, Fruit
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Experimental study on the cooling rate of a new type of oocyte carriers.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : LI W., WANG L., LIU B., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/01
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Cooling rate, Cell, Liquid nitrogen, Oocyte, Expérimentation, Cryopreservation
• Source: HV & AC - vol. 437 - n. 168
• Formats : PDF

The influential factor studies on the cooling rate of roller quenching for ultra heavy plate.

• Author(s) : FU T. L., WANG Z. D., LI Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cooling rate, Quench (metallurgy), Heat transfer, Plate, Expérimentation
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 70 - n. 1

Relationship between supply flow rate of small cooling fans and narrow flow passages in high-density packaging electronic equipment.

• Author(s) : FUKUE T., HIROSE K., HATAKEYAMA T., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/02/28
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat, Electronics, Fan, Cooling, Testing, Flow rate
• Source: Electronics cooling

IIR document

Exploring a new heterogeneity index to quantify the variation of cooling rates within systems that undergo the forced-air cooling process.

• Author(s) : OLATUNJI J. R., SHIM Y. M., LOVE R. J., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Precooling, Heterogeneous medium, Forced flow, Cooling rate, Cold air, Measurement, Kiwifruit
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Direct formation of La(Fe,Si)13 phase by directional solidification in slow cooling rate.

• Author(s) : LIU J., DONG J. D., SHAO Y. Y.
• Publication date: 2014/09/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cooling rate, Lanthanum, Solidification, Silicon, Magnetic property, Material, Iron, Expérimentation, Magnetocaloric effect
• Source: 6^th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VI). Proceedings: Victoria, Canada, September 7-10, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effect of cooling rate and super-chilling temperature on ice crystal characteristic, cell structure, and physicochemical quality of super-chilled fresh-cut celery.

• Author(s) : XU C. C., LIU D. K., GUO C. X., WU Y. Q.
• Publication date: 2020/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Celery, Freezing rate, Cooling rate, Low temperature, Crystallization, Quality, Expérimentation, Food, Chilling, Partial freezing
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 113
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Oil circulation rate in ejector cooling cycles.

• Author(s) : ZHU J., BOTTICELLA F., ELBEL S.
• Publication date: 2018/04/06
• Languages : English
• Source: 5^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Beijing, Chine, 6-8 avril 2018
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Design and verification of temperature-adjustable system for the space environment simulator.

• Author(s) : HE C., ZHANG M., ZHOU Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/05/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Nitrogen, Generality, Cooling rate, Simulation, Performance, Reliability, Space, Flow rate, Cryogenics, Thermal load
• Source: Cryogenics 2019. Proceedings of the 15^th IIR International Conference: Prague, Czech Republic, April 8-11, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Development of an apparatus for cryopreservation cellular samples.

• Author(s) : BAUER R., LOEDER S., PIENKNY R., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/09/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryobiology, Cooling rate, Development, Cryopreservation, Crystallization, Freezing
• Source: 2^nd IIR Workshop on cold applications in life sciences.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Pressure effect on the release of supercooled water with dissolved air.

• Author(s) : LEE D., PARK C., JEONG S., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Ice, Cooling rate, Air, Supercooling, Pressure, Water
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 40
• Formats : PDF

Cryopreservation of epididymal stallion sperm.

• Author(s) : OLACIREGUI M., GIL L., MONTON A., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Sperm, Egg yolk, Cryoprotectant, Cooling rate, Cryopreservation
• Source: Cryobiology - vol. 68 - n. 1

IIR document

Experimental studies on solidification and subcooling characteristics of water-based phase change material (PCM) in a spherical encapsulation for cool thermal energy storage applications.

• Author(s) : PONRAJAN VIKRAM M., KUMARESAN V., CHRISTOPHER S., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cooling rate, Energy storage, Subcooling, Solidification, PCM, Expérimentation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 100
• Formats : PDF

Experimental device to study temperature effects on food quality.

• Author(s) : SAQUET A., STREIF J., CRISTÓVÃO L., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food, Cooling rate, Temperature, Quality, Parameter, Expérimentation, Fruit
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Barbados releases a national strategy for sustainable cooling

The Caribbean island of Barbados released its national cooling strategy in September 2022, as the country experiences an increase in demand for air conditioners.

• Publication date : 2022/10/10
• Subjects: Developing country, Figures, economy

Urban cooling strategies

A report provides practical guidance to optimise development projects to moderate urban microclimates in major urban centres in Australia.

• Publication date : 2018/01/16

Market assessment and updates of Rwanda’s national cooling strategy

In Rwanda, the purchase of household refrigerators and ACs is increasing with economic growth. As part of the national cooling strategy, the country has launched a public awareness campaign on efficient cooling...

• Publication date : 2021/03/29
• Subjects: Environment, Developing country

EU: first Heating and Cooling Strategy

UE: towards a smart, efficient and sustainable heating and cooling sector.

• Publication date : 2016/06/08
• Subjects: Regulation

Recent geothermal energy-based district cooling projects

In December 2023, district cooling projects using geothermal energy were launched in France and the United Arab Emirates.

• Publication date : 2024/01/25
• Subjects: Technology

The challenges of thermal management of next-generation electronic equipment

With the increasing integration and miniaturization of electronic devices, the heat flows they generate are constantly increasing. Spray cooling has many advantages in this regard. 

• Publication date : 2023/03/27

A refrigeration system to produce freshwater in arid areas

A team of researchers from Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China demonstrated how integrating adsorption cooling and a heat pump system can improve the productivity of an...

• Publication date : 2024/05/29
• Subjects: Technology

The European Commission releases a “Renovation Wave Strategy” for more energy-efficient buildings.

Decarbonisation of heating and cooling is among the top three priorities of the European Commission’s new “Renovation Wave Strategy”. The strategy promotes cooling and heating using waste heat or cold along with...

• Publication date : 2020/11/05
• Subjects: Regulation, Environment, Technology

Overview and outlook of the cooling sector in Jordan

In May 2024, Jordan’s Ministry of the Environment published its National Cooling Strategy (NCS), which details the country’s cooling sector and sets a framework for the National...

• Publication date : 2024/06/26
• Subjects: Figures, economy, General information

Modern technology permits economical refrigerated shipments

The number of refrigerated shipments, and thus the number of refrigerated containers, has risen worldwide in recent years. Hamburg Süd is optimizing the use of cooling energy and will reduce the energy consumption of its reefer containers by 15%...

• Publication date : 2013/06/27

High expansion potential for district cooling in Europe and in the Middle East

According to RESCUE, the small market share of district cooling (DC) in Europe (below 2%) represents the equivalent of less then 3 TWh of cooling energy, which clearly makes it a market with high expansion potential. With temperatures ranging...

• Publication date : 2013/04/19
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Doing Cold Smarter

In the recent “Doing Cold Smarter” study leaded by the Birmingham Energy Institute, the authors stress that “even in a temperate country such as Britain, cooling is everywhere, and vital to many aspects of civilization: food, medicine, energy,...

• Publication date : 2016/05/09
• Subjects: Figures, economy, General information

Global Data Center Cooling Solutions Market: 2016-2020

The global data center cooling solutions market is forecast to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 12 % from 2016 to 2020, according to a market research report from Technavio.

• Publication date : 2016/04/13

Global district cooling market

According to a new report from MarketsandMarkets (information provided by ReportLinker), global district cooling market is growing at 11.4% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) until 2019.

• Publication date : 2014/10/13

Personal thermal comfort thanks to a dual-mode textile

Scientists at Stanford University, California (US) have demonstrated a dual-mode textile that can perform both passive radiative heating and cooling using the same piece of textile.

• Publication date : 2018/05/22

Member news: Mirai Intex releases new high capacity ultra-low temperature refrigeration system

Mirai Intex, corporate member of the IIR, has released a new ultra-low temperature (ULT) system based on air-cycle technology, offering high cooling capacity.

• Publication date : 2021/03/09
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives, Technology

New IIR Informatory Note on passive cooling

The IIR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that passive cooling technologies can contribute significantly to reducing energy demand for air conditioning. 

• Publication date : 2022/04/29
• Subjects: Technology

Member news: Linde to develop cryogenic cooling solutions for quantum computers

Linde, corporate member of the IIR, partners with Bluefors to develop cryogenic cooling solutions for quantum computing technology. 

• Publication date : 2021/04/29

COOL-SAVE project distributes 1st newsletter

News about cost effective strategies to improve energy efficiency in cooling systems for the food and drink sector...

• Publication date : 2013/08/14

Rankine 2020 conference highlights opportunities and challenges for the future

The IIR Rankine 2020 – Advances in Heating, Cooling and Power Generation conference was organised by the Institute of Refrigeration UK (IOR) as an ambitious 5-day online event running across July 27-31.  It...

• Publication date : 2020/08/19
• Subjects: Technology

The IIR is involved in a new project called Cool-Save

The IIR is involved in a new project called Cool-Save. This 30-month European project comprises the development and dissemination of cost-effective strategies designed to improve energy efficiency in cooling systems in the food and drink sector.

• Publication date : 2012/04/25

COOL-SAVE project news

This European project – which aims at development and dissemination of cost-effective strategies designed to improve energy efficiency in cooling systems in the food and drink sector – involves 9 partners including the IIR, which is a member of...

• Publication date : 2013/02/22

The IIR supports the Global Cooling Pledge

The IIR and several of its corporate members support this historic commitment signed during COP28.

• Publication date : 2024/01/26
• Subjects: Environment

ICR 2011 in Prague: a Resounding Success

The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration held in Prague, on August 21-26, 2011, was highly successful...

• Publication date : 2011/08/30

Member news: Ultra-low temperatures. NIST creates a more efficient pulse-tube refrigerator prototype

American researchers have created a prototype pulse-tube refrigerator that significantly reduces the time and energy required to reach temperatures close to absolute zero: an exciting advance for the quantum...

• Publication date : 2024/06/27

Highlights from REFCOLD India 2024

The International Institute of Refrigeration recently participated in REFCOLD India 2024, held from October 3-5 in Kolkata, India. Organised by ISHRAE and Informa Markets, this

• Publication date : 2024/10/30

1st IIR International Cold and Sustainability Conference

The 1st IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain held in Cambridge, UK, on March 29-31, 2010 attracted over 150 participants from 22 countries. Academia, public and corporate research centres, public agencies and administrations, and...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

IIR at COP29 in Baku: Week 1 in review

The first week of COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, brought together global leaders, scientists, and industry stakeholders to tackle pressing climate issues. Among the key participants, the...

• Publication date : 2024/11/17

FRIDOC now features a selection of MDPI articles on refrigeration

About 150 articles from MDPI journals, including review articles on various refrigeration technologies, are available in FRIDOC.

• Publication date : 2022/07/28
• Subjects: General information

Past events: The IIR around the world, August and September 2024

A look back at the IIR’s latest events during conferences (Gustav Lorentzen, Thermag, Compressors) and during sponsored vents (CHPC).

• Publication date : 2024/10/07

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)