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IIR document

Experimental observation of sedimentation phenomena of CO2 dry ice in model channel.

• Author(s) : YAMAGUCHI H., IWAMOTO Y., OZAKI S., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/08/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Two-phase flow, Refrigerating system, Dry ice, R744, Expérimentation, CO2
• Source: 11^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2014). Proceedings. Hangzhou, China, August 31-September 2, 2014.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Sublimation of solid CO2 dry ice for cooling at low temperatures below -50°C.

• Author(s) : RÖLLIG P., GERMANUS J.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Dry ice, Low temperature, R744, Sublimation, Solid, CO2
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Modelling and experiments of dry ice sublimation in an insulation box.

• Author(s) : PURANDARE A. S., VANAPALLI S.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cold chain, Refrigerated transport, Insulation, Insulated box, Dry ice, Sublimation, Expérimentation, Modelling
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Dry ice standalone solutions to transport Covid-19 vaccines.

• Author(s) : KACIMI A., LABRANQUE G., CAVALIER G.
• Publication date: 2022/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Vaccine, COVID-19, Dry ice, Cold chain, Insulation, Performance, Testing, Box, Insulating panel, Air transport, Expérimentation
• Source: 7^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain Online. Proceedings: April 11-13 2022
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Influence of dry ice inlet and outlet positions on cooling characteristics of high heat flux chip.

• Author(s) : NING J., SUN Z., ZHAO Y., WANG R., BAO C.
• Publication date: 2021/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Radiator, Thermodynamic property, Heat flux, Dry ice, Cooling, Optimization, Modelling, Expérimentation, Simulation, Electronics
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 131
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study of the sublimation temperature of the dry ice in the transport of the Covid-19 vaccines.

• Author(s) : CALBA C., ASSIER J-F., GIRAUD T., CAVALIER G.
• Publication date: 2022/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Dry ice, Sublimation, Expérimentation, Vaccine, Temperature, COVID-19, Low temperature, Thermodynamic property
• Source: 7^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain Online. Proceedings: April 11-13 2022
• Formats : PDF

Thermophysical Properties and Heat Transfer Performance of Novel Dry-Ice-Based Sustainable Hybrid Lubri-Coolant.

• Author(s) : JAMIL M., IQBAL A., HE N., CHEOK Q.
• Publication date: 2022/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermodynamic property, Industrial application, Heat transfer, Dry ice, Fluid, Cryofluid, Lubricant, Ester, Ethanol, Expérimentation, Modelling
• Source: Sustainability - 14 - 4
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study on spray cooling characteristics of dry ice particles for IGBT in high-speed trains.

• Author(s) : NING J., REN Z., SUN L., SONG Z., ZHU S., GAO X.
• Publication date: 2024/01
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Passenger transport, Dry ice, Simulation, Spray cooling, Expérimentation, Train, High speed, Heat sink, Electronic component
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 157
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Bonnes pratiques d’usage et signification des marquages des emballages isothermes utilisant la glace carbonique comme source de froid.

Good usage practices and meaning of markings on isothermal packaging using dry ice as a source of cold.

• Author(s) : AFF
• Publication date: 2021/02
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Packaging, Vaccine, Low temperature, Dry ice, Generality
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Real time energy performance measurement of a refrigerating unit via gas anemometer technique.

• Author(s) : MAYOUFI N., YOUBI-IDRISSI M.
• Publication date: 2020/08/26
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Cryogenics, Expérimentation, Flow rate, Anemometry, Dry ice
• Source: 6^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: Nantes, France, August 26-28 2020
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR

Transport et stockage d’emballages réfrigérés par CO₂ dans des camions frigorifiques et chambres froides.

Transport and storage of CO₂ refrigerated packaging in refrigerated vehicles and climate rooms.

• Author(s) : Cemafroid
• Publication date: 2020
• Languages : French, English
• Keywords : Vaccine, Transport, Storage, Packaging, Dry ice, Regulations, Generality
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Investigating the microstructure of frozen foods using X-ray microtomography: a comparative study.

• Author(s) : NDOYE F. T., BOUABDALLAH A., BENKHELIFA H.
• Publication date: 2022/04/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Frozen food, Ice, Crystallization, Freeze-drying, Potato, Expérimentation, Comparison
• Source: 7^th IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain Online. Proceedings: April 11-13 2022
• Formats : PDF

Bénéfice d'une assistance micro-onde sur la qualité de la congélation.

Benefits of microwave assistance on the quality of freezing.

• Author(s) : SADOT M., CURET S., ROUAUD O., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/09
• Languages : French
• Keywords : Freezing, Cryogenics, Wave, Crystal, Ice, Molecule, Expérimentation, Freeze-drying
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - n.1171

IIR document

Effect of magnetic field application during freezing on ice crystal formation inside food products.

• Author(s) : BABA H., REDO M. A., WATANABE M.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Freezing, Magnetic field, Crystal, Imaging, Expérimentation, Ice, Freezer, Freeze-drying
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Cryogenic 3D printing of super soft hydrogels.

• Author(s) : TAN Z., PARISI C., DI SILVIO L., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/11/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Dry ice, Cryobiology, Cell, Brain, Tissue, Skin, Expérimentation, Human being
• Source: Nature Scientific Reports

Dry-ice blasting: an efficient way to clean food-production equipment

Continental Carbonic claims it has found a way to clean food-production equipment with less water and faster results than conventional methods

• Publication date : 2014/07/10

Out of the Ordinary: Ice Magic

Ice Magic in Paris is an ice sculpture exhibition. This year's theme was "Around the World". An insulated pavilion at a temperature of -6°C on the Champs-Elysées housed the temporary exhibition featuring the Coliseum, the Parthenon, the...

• Publication date : 2011/02/11

Out of ordinary: ice sculpture

Ice Sculptures Unlimited, based in Richmond, Virginia (USA) is specialized in custom-made ice sculptures including company logos, ice bars and food displays.

• Publication date : 2006/01/28

Out of the ordinary: ice cream

A group of New Zealand scientists has developed a new therapeutic to help cancer patients recover from chemotherapy. Development of the ice cream, named ReCharge, began 8 years ago with the formation of LactoPharma, a collaborative research...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Out of ordinary: Oldest Ice Skates?

The oldest pair of skates known date from about 3000 BC and were found at the bottom of a lake in Switzerland. They were made from the leg bones of large animals, holes were bored at each end of the bone and leather straps were used to tie the...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Out of the ordinary: Trendy ice bars

- London's first Ice Bar is maintained at a temperature of -5°C. Absolut Vodka and Ice Hotel have joined forces to create an environment with the décor, bar stools and glasses made of ice imported from within the Arctic Circle.

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Out of ordinary: Ice skating inside and out

The National Gallery of Art in Washington DC has an ice-skating rink in its Art Sculpture Garden. Skaters can view sculpture as they skate, then go inside the museum and see paintings of ice skaters, including Gilbert Stuart's The Skater(Portrait...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Briefs: A CO2 secondary refrigerant system to test icebreakers

Travelling through the North Pole's ice-capped seas could reduce sea transport distances between Hamburg and Osaka, Japan, or Shanghai, China, for instance, by more than 4000 nautical miles, thus allowing for great time and financial savings. The...

• Publication date : 2009/02/25

Out of the ordinary: Vanilla and ice skating on the Eiffel Tower

Special treat for the festive season: skating on a 200 m² vanilla-perfumed rink 57 m above ground level on the Eiffel Tower, with hot wine and cakes served as refreshments. Installing the rink was a technical feat: 10 tonnes of refrigerating...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Out of the ordinary: Ötzi, the 5300-year-old iceman, has been reconstructed

Ötzi, the 5300-year-old iceman, has been reconstructed 20 years after he was found on a glacier in the Italian Alps. The reconstruction performed by Dutch artists Alfons and Adrie Kennis is on display at the Archaelogical Museum in Bolzano, Italy,...

• Publication date : 2011/06/09

Out of the ordinary: incredible sun glacier leaf will use Sahara sun and humidity to make ice

There’s more than one way to use the sun, and nothing proves this better than Ap Verheggen’s incredible SunGlacier Leaf. This solar-powered leaf has the potential to create a lot of ice and water – in the middle of the Sahara. The 200 m²...

• Publication date : 2012/02/21

CAL - NASA’s Space Cryocooler

NASA’s new facility, Cold Atom Lab (CAL), expected to reach effective temperatures down to 100 pico-Kelvin (pK), will be used for the study of ultra-cold quantum gases in the microgravity environment on the International Space Station (ISS). (en...

• Publication date : 2014/07/03

Cryochemistry: chemical reactions accelerated by freezing

Surprisingly, some chemical reactions can be accelerated by freezing. The possible applications of studying such cryoreactions include the food and pharmaceutical cold chain, as well...

• Publication date : 2022/02/28
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Briefs: Cryocooling in outer space

MELFI (Minus Eighty degrees Celsius Laboratory Freezer) has been developed for the International Space Station (ISS) under a European Space Agency (ESA) contract for NASA. It is used to preserve biological and scientific samples until they return...

• Publication date : 2007/11/20

Cryogenic testing on the successor of Hubble Telescope

NASA engineers completed final cryogenic testing on James Webb Space Telescope a few months ago.

• Publication date : 2018/05/23

New in our Encyclopedia: cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry

This summary document presents the potential applications of liquid cryogens in the pharmaceutical sector. 

• Publication date : 2022/12/15
• Subjects: Technology

The International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now accessible online

Previously only available in paper format and in just 5 languages, the complete version of the International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now accessible on our website.

• Publication date : 2015/09/23

Now freely accessible: The IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration

Now available in 11 languages, the complete version of the IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration is freely accessible online!

• Publication date : 2018/01/31

Press release: The IIR International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now freely accessible online

Available in 11 languages, the complete version of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) International Dictionary of Refrigeration is now freely accessible online.

• Publication date : 2018/02/01

IIR member news : Linde

The CSG-4 snow generator allows to generate snow on demand or via programming and is claimed to offer a cost effective and safe alternative to dry ice pellets.

• Publication date : 2015/05/20

Briefs: Prof L Rey

Prof. Louis Rey, former President of Section C, Biology and food technology, then Vice-President of the IIR's Science and Technology Council, and President of a sub-commission devoted to the biological and medical applications of...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

New IIR publication: Serving the Needs of Mankind: a History of Refrigeration

This 40-minute DVD produced for the 21 st IIR International Congress of Refrigeration held in Washington DC in August 2003 retraces the history of refrigeration from prehistoric times to today and touches on future challenges and potential...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Webinar on the vaccines against COVID-19

The AFF (French association of refrigeration)  organised a webinar on February 17 on the cold chain related to COVID-19 vaccines.

• Publication date : 2021/02/23

New IIR Informatory Note on evaporative cooling

The latest IIR Informatory Note highlights that evaporative cooling is an energy-efficient technology that has many applications in air conditioning but also in short-term food storage. 

• Publication date : 2023/05/27

The Cold Chain: A logistical challenge at the heart of the distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine 

Gérald Cavalier - President of the Science and Technology Council of the International Institute of Refrigeration, President of the French Association of Refrigeration, President of the Cemafroid...

• Publication date : 2020/11/23
• Subjects: General information, Technology

IIR conference papers visible in Scopus!

From Scopus, it is now possible to download the papers of three IIR conferences indexed in Fridoc. Download them!

• Publication date : 2017/01/19

ICR 2011 in Prague: a Resounding Success

The 23rd IIR International Congress of Refrigeration held in Prague, on August 21-26, 2011, was highly successful...

• Publication date : 2011/08/30

2008, Refrigeration Year

Many events and actions have already been scheduled or have already taken place in various countries in order to celebrate the IIR's centenary and the 100th anniversaries of several national associations of refrigeration (France, the Netherlands,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

The Centenary in Paris and future events

A joint IIR/French Refrigeration Association (AFF) conference was held in Paris on June 12, 2008 in order to celebrate the centenaries of both organizations. It was combined with the IIR statutory meetings on June 10, 11 and 13 and with various...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Philippe Lebrun received the Mendelssohn Award.

Philippe Lebrun, President of the IIR’s General Conference, received the prestigious Mendelssohn Award conferred by the International Cryogenic Engineering Committee on March 11, 2016.

• Publication date : 2016/03/16

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)