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IIR document
Multi-objective (Carbon-Exergy) optimization study of CO2 cascade systems using multiple refrigerant pairs.
Energy, exergy and economic analysis of a vacuum belt drying system integrated with mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) for aqueous extracts drying.
Advanced exergy analysis on an ejector using zeotropic mixture in a refrigeration system.
Eksergija kao mera održivosti energatskog sistema.
Exergy as mesure of sustainability of energy system.
Optimization of two-phase expansion nozzles: An exergy based analysis of fluid property influence.
Exergy analysis of adsorption cooling system.
Exergy-based methods for air separation.
Comparaison énergétique et exergétique de systèmes de dessalement.
Energy and exergy comparison between desalination systems.
Eksergetska optimizacija zgrada sa razlicitim solarnim sistemima.
Exergy optimization of buildings with different solar systems.
Energy and exergy investigation of ejector refrigeration systems using retrograde refrigerants.
Optimization and exergy analysis of eco-friendly refrigerants in high-efficiency hydrate-based refrigeration systems.
About a more intuitive exergy efficiency calculus applied to heat pumping and working cycles and other basic aspects issued thereof.
Estudio exergético del sistema de bomba de calor experimental TQ-Plint TE94.
Exergy study of the experimental TQ-Plint TE94 heat pump system.
Unsteady exergy analysis for a recycle and recovery machine.
Dinamicka analiza eksergije multifunkcionalne zgrade u kojoj se koriste podaci dobijeni monitoringom.
Dynamic exergy analysis of a multifonctional building using monitored data.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
1345 results
World Energy Employment 2025: Skilled workers are needed to meet growing demand for energy jobs
According to IEA's 2025 World Energy Employment report, employment in the energy sector increased by 2.2% in 2024, exceeding the 1.3% average for the entire economy. With the growing employment demand in the...
Energy savings: Japan: significant improvement of the energy efficiency of refrigerators
According to JARN, the energy efficiency of refrigerators in Japan has been continuously improved: their power consumption has been reduced to 1/5th of that 10 years ago. This is in part due to the development of vacuum heat insulators, which are...
Renewable energy supplied an estimated 16% of global final energy consumption in 2010
According to the Renewables 2011 Global Status Report, in 2010, rRenewable energy supplied an estimated 16% of global final energy consumption and delivered close to 20% of global electricity.
Energy savings: Case study on a cool way to cut energy consumption in the UK food industry
A collaborative research and development project led by a mechanical engineering team from Brunel University, UK, found that supermarkets and food processing plants could cut their energy costs by over 30% and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by...
Storing energy thanks to cryocooled air
A new type of energy-storage process that can operate on a large scale.
Unassuming energy saving device
The eCube energy saving device is designed to reduce energy consumption by at least 25%. It takes into account product temperatures instead of fluctuating air temperatures in refrigerators, freezes, chillers, coolers, dispensers and cold rooms. It...
Energy storage thanks to refrigeration
Electrical energy is notoriously difficult to store, especially on a large scale and this can be particularly problematical when dealing with irregular sources such as wind power for which there can be a great mismatch between energy supply and...
Benefits of thermal energy storage
The use of thermal storage, coupled to a refrigeration unit, allows the user to reduce the cooling capacity of installed units, to lower operating costs and electric bills, to increase plant reliability and to provide an effective solution for...
ASERCOM Energy Efficiency Award 2004
The ASERCOM Energy Efficiency Award is designed to recognize the most valuable concept of innovation in the improvement of energy efficiency in a vapour-compression cycle applied to a refrigeration/air-conditioning/heat pump system. This award is...
Energy savings in display cabinets
Several new developments make it possible to save energy in display cabinets. - Optimizing air curtain velocity A team at the Air Curtain Research Laboratory at Kettering University in Michigan, US, has modellized the air flow in air curtains and...
Briefs: Energy-saving Maersk reefers
Thanks to QUEST (Quality and Energy efficiency in Storage and Transport) software providing a new temperature-control regime based on commodity instead of air temperature, Maersk estimates that the energy consumption used to cool its reefers will...
European Union: New energy labelling rules
New EU energy labelling rules and efficiency requirements will apply to household equipment including refrigerators and freezers, after a committee of experts approved them on March 31, 2009. The new energy labels are based on the existing A to G...
EU Directive 2012/27 on energy efficiency.
On October 25, 2012, the European Union adopted the Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. This Directive establishes a common framework of measures for the promotion of energy efficiency within the EU.
ASHRAE Publishes 2004 Residential Energy Standard
By reducing the number of tables needed to apply the envelope provisions and simplifying their application, ASHRAE's residential energy standard now contains only the essential information necessary to design and enforce energy conservation...
Briefs: Incentives for energy-efficient refrigerators
- US measures A USD 300 million programme, similar to what Stråberg suggested for Sweden, was recently announced by President Barack Obama. The US package will authorize states to create rebates with an expected value of USD 50-200 for each...
IIR news
603 results
New publications: Energy Savings
The IIR has published a new version of its guide Saving Energy in Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Heat-Pump Technology; the goal of this completely revised version prepared by Forbes Pearson and several IIR experts and launched during the Bali...
IIR Working Party on “Energy Labelling in the Cold Chain”
The Terms of Reference of the new IIR Working Party (WP) "Energy labelling in the cold chain" have been approved. The main objective of this WP - chaired by Prof. Giovanni Cortella, Italy, and involving Commissions D1 and D2 - is to investigate...
New IIR publications: Saving Energy in Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Heat-Pump Technology
The French version of the IIR guide Saving Energy in Refrigeration, Air-Conditioning and Heat-Pump Technology will be published in November 2009; the goal of this guide is to provide practical ways of minimizing the energy consumption of...
Member news: Efficient Energy has been rewarded for its remarkable growth over the last 4 years
Energy Efficient, an IIR corporate member, ranked third in the latest Deloitte Technology Fast 50 in Germany. This ranking rewards companies based on the percentage increase in their revenue over the last four...
News from IIR members: Alfa Laval wins € 6 million energy efficiency order in Kazakhstan
Alfa Laval – a world leader in heat transfer, centrifugal separation and fluid handling – recently won an order to supply Alfa Laval Packinox heat exchangers to a refinery in Kazakhstan.
Call for abstracts ends October 10: LNG2023, “Fuelling a Secure Energy Future”
LNG2023 is the largest and most significant global LNG industry conference and exhibition, occurring once every three years!
Dr. Yunho Hwang and team earn 3rd place in Vicinity Energy-MEIA Ideation Program for heat pump innovation
Former president of IIR Commission B1, and research professor at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Energy...
J&E Hall International Gold Medal awarded to Pr. Judith Evans for her exceptional contribution to energy and carbon reduction in the food cold chain
Professor Judith Evans, UK delegate to IIR and president of IIR section C, is this year’s recipient of the prestigious J&E Hall International Gold Medal.
IJR Editorial: Solar energy, the energy of the future for refrigeration
Solar refrigeration should become a means of providing cleaner air conditioning and developing cold chains for food and health products where they are still deficient. We need to accompany this development while...
New IIR Informatory Note on Renewable Energy
The latest IIR Informatory Note stresses that renewable energy sources can be considered practically inexhaustible and are currently the only solution for an ecological transition to clean...
New IIR Informatory Note on thermal energy storage systems
IIR’s latest Informatory Note demonstrates that a well-designed TES system can reduce energy consumption through more efficient equipment operation and lower investment costs, thus reducing the equipment...
Two new IIR Informatory Notes on Energy Recovery!
The IIR has just published two new Informatory Notes on energy recovery: one on Energy Recovery in Mechanical Ventilation Systems and the other one on Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment.
Commission E2: at the forefront of heat pumps and energy recovery
Activities of the IIR’s Commission E2 “Heat Pumps, Energy Recovery”
The IIR publishes two new IIR Informatory Notes on Energy Recovery!
The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) has just published two new Informatory Notes on energy recovery: one on Energy Recovery in Mechanical Ventilation Systems and the other one on Air-to-Air Energy...
IIR member news: Excess heat is the largest untapped energy source
In a whitepaper, IIR Benefactor member Danfoss highlights the vast untapped potential of excess heat as a source of energy.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
13 results
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
For IIR members only
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Events
9 results
IIR event
Cooling Without Warming: Energy‑Efficient ACs and Heat Pumps
April 28, 2026
Paris, France
Register here
Find out more
Data Centers at a Crossroads: Energy, Cooling, and Policy Challenges
May 12, 2026
Register...
11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting
June 07, 2026 - June 11, 2026
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Submit your full paper now! The 11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting (Thermag 2026), to be...
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
27th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration
August 21, 2027 - August 27, 2027
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Save the date! The International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR) is a leading global event in the field of refrigeration, organised by the International Institute of Refrigeration...
Other event
15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems
September 13, 2027 - September 15, 2027
London, United Kingdom
On September 13-15, 2027, the 15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems of City University of London will provide a forum for debate on developments in air, gas and refrigeration...
15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
September 16, 2026 - September 18, 2026
Xi'an, China
Currently accepting full papers! The 15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for...
Sponsored event
2026 China International Heat Pump Conference
October 13, 2026 - October 17, 2026
Shanghai, China
Following the resounding success of the 2nd China Heat Pump Conference (CHPC 2024) in Shenzhen, which gathered over 850 experts and delegates from 33 countries & regions, the upcoming 3rd CHPC in 2026 is poised to further expand its global...
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
