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IIR document

Speed of sound measurements of HFO-1234ze(E) in the liquid phase.

• Author(s) : GAO L., ASOU H., HONDA T.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Measurement of sound speeds in the liquid phase of hydrochlorofluoroolefins (HCFO).

• Author(s) : NISHIYAMA T., HONDA T., GAO L., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Compressed liquid speed of sound measurements of cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (R1234ze(Z)).

• Author(s) : LAGO S., GIULIANO ALBO P. A., BROWN J. S.
• Publication date: 2016/05
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 65
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Speed of sound in gaseous cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(Z)) between 307?K and 420?K.

• Author(s) : LOZANO-MARTIN D., MADONNA RIPA D., GAVIOSO R. M.
• Publication date: 2019/04
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 100
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Speed of sound measurement for R-1336mzz(Z) and R-1233zd(E) in the liquid phase.

• Author(s) : NISHIYAMA T., KURANARI T., GAO L., HIGASHI Y., AKASAKA R.
• Publication date: 2021/06
• Languages : English
• Source: 2^nd IIR Conference on HFO Refrigerants and Low GWP Blends
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Gaseous speed of sound and virial coefficients for 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234yf) + 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) binary mixture.

• Author(s) : PENG X., XU L., LI J., YANG Z., DUAN Y.
• Publication date: 2023/10
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 154
• Formats : PDF

The mechanism discuss of periodic sound in rolling piston compressor under low operating frequency in air-conditioner system.

• Author(s) : GU H., ZHANG R., HU Y.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 22nd International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental speed of sound for cis-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (R1234ze(Z)) and hexafluoropropene (R1216) in gaseous phase.

• Author(s) : PENG X., XU L., YANG Z., DUAN Y.
• Publication date: 2023/01
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 145
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Thermodynamic properties of cis-1-chloro-2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene [R-1224yd(Z)]: Experimental measurements of the density and speed of sound and modeling with the Patel–Teja equation of state.

• Author(s) : LAGO S., GIULIANO ALBO P. A., AKASAKA R., ROMEO R.
• Publication date: 2023/11
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 155
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Dipole moment and heat capacity in the ideal gas state derived from relative permittivity and speed of sound measurements for HFO-1123 and HCFO-1224yd(Z).

• Author(s) : KANO Y., KAYUKAWA Y., FUJITA Y.
• Publication date: 2020/10
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 118
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Compressed liquid density and speed of sound measurements and correlation of the binary mixture {carbon dioxide (CO₂) + 1,1-difluoroethene (R1132a)} at temperatures from 220 K to 350 K.

• Author(s) : MENEGAZZO D., ROWANE A. J., FEDELE L., BOBBO S., LOMBARDO G., MCLINDEN M. O.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

Rafraîchissement d'un bâtiment commercial et de son environnement.

Cooling of a commercial building and its environment.

• Author(s) : KABORE M., SALAGNAC P., BOZONNET E., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/03
• Languages : French
• Source: Revue générale du Froid & du Conditionnement d'air - n.1168

IIR document

Sound preference development and correlation to service incidence rate.

• Author(s) : HARDESTY T., CERRATO G., FREEMAN T., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Development of large capacity rotary compressor with three cylinders. Second report: Vibration and sound.

• Author(s) : HIRAYAMA T., SHIDA S., HIRANO K., ITO Y., MONASRY J. F.
• Publication date: 2021/10
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 130
• Formats : PDF

Mechanical impact noise analysis of rotary compressor.

• Author(s) : ZHANG J., QUE P., HU Y., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 23^rd International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

The first 20 SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating)

What is claimed to be the first 20 SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating) residential air conditioner has been introduced by Lennox Industries, USA. The XC21 air conditioner has a two-stage scroll compressor and operates on two levels: a high...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Panasonic and Accenture join forces to create a smart city in Fujisawa, Japan

Panasonic, Accenture and seven other companies are to develop a smart city, Fujisawa Sustainable Smart Town intended to be a model for an environmentally-minded urban area.

• Publication date : 2011/12/22

LHC Season 2: new frontiers in physics

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) – the largest and most powerful particle accelerator in the world – is gearing up for its second three-year run

• Publication date : 2015/05/13

LHC season 3: cryogenic cooling system upgrade

The particle accelerator returned to service in 2022 after numerous improvements, including an increase in cryogenic cooling power at point 4. 

• Publication date : 2022/05/30
• Subjects: Technology

Radiative cooling coatings that can adapt to the seasons

A novel material can be used as a coating on building’s rooftops or windows to provide radiative cooling in the summer without overcooling in the colder months. 

• Publication date : 2022/01/28
• Subjects: Technology

Not-in-kind cooling technologies performance comparison

This study proposes a quantitative comparison of refrigerants and system performance of not-in-kind cooling technologies.

• Publication date : 2016/08/16

Novel catalysts to address overheating in hypersonic aircraft

Researchers at Australia's RMIT University have developed 3D-printed catalysts to address the challenge of overheating in hypersonic aircraft and possibly other industrial...

• Publication date : 2021/10/22
• Subjects: Technology

Johnson to acquire York

Following a USD 3.2 billion transaction in August 2005, Johnson Controls is to acquire York. The combination of York, a leader in the manufacturing and service of heating and cooling equipment with Johnson Controls, an industry leader in the...

• Publication date : 2005/09/30

Performance comparison of R1234yf and R134a

A study published in Applied Thermal Engineering compares the performance of HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf as drop-in alternative in automotive air conditioning systems.

• Publication date : 2017/05/24

CERN’s LHC on a hunt for Higgs boson

Two experiments led at CERN, ATLAS and CMS, attempt to discover data hinting at the existence or non-existence of the Higgs boson, a particle which is crucial to the Standard Model in physics.

• Publication date : 2012/03/09

News from Downunder: James Harrison Museum Appeal

Known as the "father of modern refrigeration", Yorkshire-born James Harrison pioneered ice-making machines in Geelong, Australia, and developed technology used in the early days of meat exports from Australia. Funds are being sought in order to...

• Publication date : 2004/07/27

Personalized environment thanks to IoT sensors.

The building management system (BMS) adjusts lighting, heating, and air-conditioning in real-time, thanks to IoT sensors.

• Publication date : 2017/02/22

Energy efficiency comparison of air-conditioning systems in electric vehicles

A study compares the energy efficiency of conventional refrigeration systems with that of heat pumps in mobile air conditioning. R744, R134a and R1234yf are considered. Reversible heat pumps are found the most energy-efficient systems.

• Publication date : 2019/02/28

Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI) for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

A microscopic Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI) protocol designed at CEA-I²BM enables high-resolution visualization of amyloid plaques, associated with Alzheimer’s disease, 15-20 years before the first signs of dementia and memory loss appear.

• Publication date : 2012/11/28

Briefs: Edible optics to prevent food poisoning

Edible nanosensors made from silk could alert consumers regarding potential contamination of food thanks to a hologram-type indicator embedded in the pack. Researchers at Tufts University in the US are working on the development of bioactive silk...

• Publication date : 2008/10/25

Obituary: S. Forbes Pearson

Dr S  Forbes Pearson, one of the most famous IIR person, passed away. The IIR presents its deepest sympathy and sincerest condolences to his family and relatives.

• Publication date : 2024/03/28

Obituary: Per-Oskar Persson

The former Managing Director of Frigoscandia AB, Per-Oskar Persson of Helsingborg, Sweden passed away on August 26, 2008, at the age of 84. He was an Honorary Member of IIR, President of Commission D1, 1971 - 1979, and Head of Section D 1979 -...

• Publication date : 2008/09/29

News from IIR members: Johnson Controls

Johnson Controls and Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman University are beating the record books with York CYK chillers. To construct what is claimed to be the world's largest chiller plant using air-cooled radiators, Johnson Controls is providing 26...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

IIR member news: Johnson Controls YORK chiller optimised for R1233zd(E)

The YORK YZ magnetic bearing centrifugal chiller, produced by Johnson Controls, is said to be the first chiller fully optimized for ultimate performance with the low-global warming potential refrigerant R1233zd(E).

• Publication date : 2019/01/31

The IIR launches a brand new website

With a fresh and modern design that will adapt to any electronic device for comfortable viewing, the new website of the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) will provide user-friendly access to the most relevant information in...

• Publication date : 2020/03/31

Your International Journal of Refrigeration; still the best in its field

Thomson Reuters confirms that the International Journal of Refrigeration is still the best in its field

• Publication date : 2015/07/08

New in our Encyclopedia. Ice cream manufacturing and its environmental impact.

A comprehensive review of the freezing process, market data and environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing. 

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Technology

Continued IIR commitment to reduce refrigerant emissions

This week at UNESCO headquarter in Paris, the IIR is attending the Joint 10th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Vienna Convention and the 26th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol.

• Publication date : 2014/11/19
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Member news: Koura introduces new refrigerant for air conditioning

Refrigerant manufacturer Koura recently introduced R468C, a refrigerant that could replace R410A in air conditioning systems.  

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

The First Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants unveils its programme

The Institute of Refrigeration (IOR) has just released the programme for the Conference on the Application of HFO Refrigerants to take place in Birmingham from the 2nd to the 5th of September 2018.

• Publication date : 2018/08/02
• Subjects: Regulation

ELICiT presents results at 18-month technical review

The ELICiT project 18-month technical review by appointed EU Commission reviewer of consortium held in Cambridge on 13 November 2015

• Publication date : 2015/12/23

ATMO Europe Conference 2022 on Natural Refrigerants Releases Final Programme

The 12th edition of the event will take place in-person in Brussels (Belgium) on November 15–16.

• Publication date : 2022/11/10
• Subjects: Environment, Technology

IIR Working Group on the Cold Chain in Warm Countries appoints a new chairperson

Newly appointed chairperson, Halima Thraya, will oversee and coordinate the various efforts and projects carried out by the Working Group.

• Publication date : 2015/06/03

Technical visit to the Tokyo fish market

During the ICCC conference last June, participants were offered technical visits, including a tour of the Tokyo Fish Market. Alain Le Bail, President of the IIR Commission C2, chose to visit it. Discover his...

• Publication date : 2024/11/15

LNG2023: Registration is open!

Explore the programme overview and secure your spot at LNG2023. Early Bird registration ends April 7, 2023!

• Publication date : 2023/02/17
• Subjects: Technology

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO