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Thermal characteristics of heat pump dryer for ginger drying.

• Author(s) : CHAPCHAIMOH K., POOMSA-AD N., WISET L., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/02/25
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 95

Viability and DNA maintenance in nonculturable spiral Campylobacter jejuni cells after long-term exposure to low temperatures.

• Author(s) : LÁZARO B., CÁRCAMO J., AUDICANA A., et al.
• Publication date: 1999/10
• Languages : English
• Source: Appl. environ. Microbiol. - vol. 65 - n. 10

Structure of the immature retroviral capsid at 8 Å resolution by cryo-electron microscopy.

• Author(s) : BHARAT T. A. M., DAVEY N. E., ULBRICH P., et al.
• Publication date: 2012/07/19
• Languages : English
• Source: Nature - vol. 487 - n. 7407

European agreement concerning the international carriage of dangerous goods by inland waterways.

• Author(s) : UNECE
• Publication date: N/A
• Languages : English, French
• Formats : Website

Cryopreservation by encapsulation of Gentiana spp. cell suspensions maintains regrowth, embryonic competence and DNA content.

• Author(s) : MIKULA A., OLAS M., SLIWINSKA E., et al.
• Publication date: 2008/09
• Languages : English
• Source: CryoLetters - vol. 29 - n. 5

Briefs: biodegradable packaging

The use of biodegradable packaging (such as starch and polylactic acid) in Eastern Europe is taking off: in 2006, 821 tonnes of such packaging were consumed in Eastern Europe, compared with 19 350 tonnes in Western Europe and 16 047 tonnes in...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

Canada: HFC regulations enter in force

On April 16, 2018, an amendment to the Canadian Ozone-depleting Substances and Halocarbon Alternatives Regulations entered into force, ensuring Canada's full compliance with its obligations under the Kigali Amendment.

• Publication date : 2018/06/22
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Bradbury in split condition

Australian Winter Olympic gold medallist speed skater Steven Bradbury is trying his hand at HVAC. Retired from the sporting arena as the first Australian to take home gold in the Winter Olympics, he set up ASG AIR 18 months ago with two friends to...

• Publication date : 2006/01/24

Canada proposes HFC phase-down plan.

The Canadian government has published on November 2016 a proposal to phase-down its production and imports of HFCs.

• Publication date : 2017/02/25
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Out of ordinary: Biodegradable zippers

Zip-Pak presented a new range of biodegradable zippers at the Anuga Food Tec Exhibition in Cologne in April 2006. Manufacturers can now specify zip-closed degradable packaging that is ideal for produce, nuts, breads and cheeses. The zippers are...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Canada and Mexico HFC policy strategy

During ATMOsphere America in Chicago in June 2016, Canadian and Mexican government representatives presented their HFC phase-down strategies.

• Publication date : 2016/08/05
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

Canada: CFIA Standardization of Food Safety Practices

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) recently announced plans to standardize its inspection practices to keep up with the changing food safety landscape.

• Publication date : 2012/08/16
• Subjects: Regulation

News flash: IIR e-mail addresses have changed!

Please note that for technical reasons, the e-mail address of the IIR has changed. You can now contact us at iif-iir@iifiir.org (instead of

• Publication date : 2006/11/15

Canada: Government intends to prohibit R134a in commercial refrigeration

A Notice of Intent was published by the Canadian Ministry of Environment indicating that the government is considering prohibition of the manufacture and import of high GWP refrigerants, including R134a, R507 series and R404A in certain commercial...

• Publication date : 2015/04/09
• Subjects: Regulation

UPS adds 48 more heavy-duty LNG tractor trucks to fleet

UPS recently purchased another 48 heavy tractor trucks equipped to run on LNG. The new LNG tractors will pull trailers between Ontario, California, and Las Vegas, Nevada, along with UPS’s 11 existing LNG tractors.

• Publication date : 2012/02/16

Radiative cooling coatings that can adapt to the seasons

A novel material can be used as a coating on building’s rooftops or windows to provide radiative cooling in the summer without overcooling in the colder months. 

• Publication date : 2022/01/28
• Subjects: Technology

Canada could follow US with HFC bans in certain applications

At the UN Climate Summit held in New York on 23 September, the Canadian Environment Minister, Leona Aglukkaq, announced that the government would soon publish a Notice of Intent to regulate HFCs in-line with the proposals recently published by the...

• Publication date : 2014/10/31
• Subjects: Regulation, HFCs alternatives

US and Canada: home appliance industry sets goal to eliminate use of HFCs

The home appliance manufacturing industry in the US and Canada has announced their goal to voluntarily phase down the use of HFC refrigerants used in household refrigerators and freezers after 2024.

• Publication date : 2016/06/15
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

For IIR members only

Canada invests over CA $500,000 in heat pump training to boost skilled workforce and reduce emissions

In August 2024, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Environment and Climate Change and to the Minister of Energy and Natural Resources, announced over 500,000 Canadian dollars...

• Publication date : 2024/10/23
• Subjects: General information

Grenada inaugurates its first R290 air conditioning systems

On August 25, the small Caribbean island country of Grenada installed its first two air-conditioning (AC) units using hydrocarbons.

• Publication date : 2017/09/22
• Subjects: Developing country

New in our Encyclopedia: additive manufacturing for refrigeration equipment

Additive manufacturing makes it possible to optimise the geometry and performance of cooling components such as heat exchangers and regenerators for caloric...

• Publication date : 2022/09/28
• Subjects: Technology

Canada to Host LNG2023 in Vancouver

Vancouver will be the venue for the 20th International Conference & Exhibition on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG2023) following the selection of the Canadian Gas...

• Publication date : 2022/05/25
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

The IIR supports operational and economic missions in Madagascar

IIR interventions and recommendations will focus on the mission’s aspects which are related to the food cold chain, including offshore fishery and continental aquaculture among others.

• Publication date : 2016/08/10

Canada to host the IIR International Congress of Refrigeration in 2019!

During the IIR Executive Committee meeting in Paris on June 14, 2013 Montreal, Canada was elected by the Delegates of the IIR member-countries as the host city of the IIR International Congress of Refrigeration to be held in 2019 (ICR2019).

• Publication date : 2013/07/11

Donation to Prof. Banadda’s family and job opportunity for the SophiA project in Africa

Please find attached the press release concerning the donation campaign for the family of Prof. Noble Ephraim Banadda, who was one of the key promoters of SophiA, convincing experts in African ministries of health and various organisations to...

• Publication date : 2021/11/29

How to adapt in a world at 50°C? Learn more at the IMechE conference this September

On September 6-8, 2023, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) will host its 1st International Conference and Workshop on Climate Adaptation and Resilience in London.

• Publication date : 2023/09/05
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Add the latest refrigeration publications to your bookshelf!

Check out the latest IIR publications including CO2 as a Refrigerant, Handbook on Indirect Refrigeration and Heat Pump Systems and the 1st IIR International Conference of Cryogenics and Refrigeration Technology (ICCRT 2016).

• Publication date : 2016/09/06

OEWG36: Tough week of negotiations, no agreement except possible additional meetings

OEWG 36 spent much of its time focusing on moving the discussion on HFCs management forward.

• Publication date : 2015/07/29
• Subjects: Regulation

Press release: The International Institute of Refrigeration appoints Professor Judith Evans as new president of Commission C2

The International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is proud to announce the appointment of Judith Evans, Professor at London South Bank University, as the new president of IIR Commission C2 on food science and engineering.

• Publication date : 2016/07/12

ATMOsphere Europe Summit 2021 to Address EU’s Phase Down of Super-Polluting Refrigerants

The replacement of HFCs with natural refrigerants is among the topics at the online event on September 28-29.

• Publication date : 2021/09/01

Highlights from the 46th Montreal Protocol OEWG: Addressing Ozone Depletion and Climate Change Challenges

The 46th meeting of the Open-ended Working Group (OEWG) of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol took place in Montreal from 8 to 12 July 2024. The IIR took part of the event.  

• Publication date : 2024/08/01

World Bank project in Bangladesh

The IIR has just signed an agreement with the World Bank to develop a cold chain, as sustainable as possible of course, in Bangladesh, in partnership with British and Bangladeshi universities. 

• Publication date : 2021/03/29
• Subjects: Developing country

CLIM’ECO in Guadeloupe

Focus on the CLIM’ECO workshop that took place in Guadeloupe in January 2022. 

• Publication date : 2022/01/28

Clim'Eco: the IIR is a partner of this new program, which began this year in Réunion.

This program aims to promote a reasonable use and good maintenance of air conditioning in the French overseas departments.

• Publication date : 2020/10/22

Call for abstracts now open for ICR 2019

From August 24-30, 2019, birthplace to the Montreal Protocol signed in 1987, Montreal (Canada),will host the 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration – ICR 2019.

• Publication date : 2018/01/16

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 160 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of July 2, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/07/02
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics