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Charge equation for low charge hydrocarbon based commercial refrigeration appliances.
IIR document
Efficient very low charged ammonia systems.
Low charge ammonia systems.
Using low-load chillers to improve system efficiency.
Sistema de refrigeración de baja carga de amoniaco en expansión seca aplicado a un túnel de congelados.
Dry expansion refrigeration system with low ammonia charge applied to a freezing tunnel.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Low charge ammonia systems designed as direct expansion.
Medium capacity low charge ammonia chiller and heat pump.
Low charge detection method for supermarket refrigeration systems.
The future of low charge NH3 refrigerating plant.
EcoPac – High temperature low charge Isobutane heat pump.
Low charge ammonia packaged refrigeration systems: achieving ultra-reliable operation.
Evaluation of a low charge heat pump circuit using propane.
Multi-objective optimization of low charge liquid overfeed ammonia evaporators for industrial refrigeration.
Extreme low charge units with ammonia blend R723 applications in practice.
Compact low charge ammonia units for flow-ice, RSW and freezing.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
102 results
UK: low-charge ammonia frozen food storage
The refrigerant charge on previous ammonia plant which was an estimated 5,000 kg has been reduced to just 188 kg
A low charge direct expansion evaporator system configured to use less ammonia
A US-based meat processor operates a cold storage facility that uses just 1 kg approx ammonia per kW.
ICCC2016 highlights: low charge ammonia systems for the cold chain
This summary refers to a paper presented during the IIR International Cold Chain Conference (ICCC2016) which took place in New Zealand. This paper can be downloaded from Fridoc database by using the direct link provided at the end of the article.
France abandons taxation of HFCs (in French)
Department of Ecology confirms during SIFA that, unlike Spain, France will not introduce taxation of refrigerants. (in French)
France: tax on refrigerants does not appear in the public finance draft bill of 2018 (in French)
The tax on refrigerants announced in July 2017 by the French Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition does not finally appear in the public finance draft bill.
ICR 2019: an overview of current refrigeration research (part I)
Presentation of the main scientific and technical topics covered in the papers of the 25th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration and summary of some of the 14 keynotes.
The expansion of refrigeration applications of Thermal Energy Storage and PCMs
Based on a selection of papers from two recent IIR conferences, overview of thermal energy storage and PCM applications in the fields of refrigerated transport, display cabinets, fishing vessels, food processing...
Revising A3 refrigerants charge limits to promote wider application
A recent IJR paper examines the validity and form of charge limits for “highly flammable” A3 refrigerants, which constitute low-GWP alternatives to HFCs. Authors propose to eliminate upper charge limits for...
Latest news about regulation in Europe
The European “F-gas” Regulation and the EN 378 standard are currently being revised at European level. Latest news on these two flagship texts.
IJR highlights: review of low-GWP alternative refrigerants
In a recent review article based on over 60 published studies and published in the International Journal of Refrigeration, Chinese researchers have compared nearly 40 alternative low-GWP refrigerants in terms of...
Must read in IJR: a comprehensive review on fault detection in HVAC systems
The latest research and developments in the fault detection and diagnostics of HVAC systems are presented in several articles recently published in the IJR.
Current status and future trends of natural refrigerants in North and South America
Two papers presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference perfectly illustrate the interest in natural refrigerants and the obstacles they face in the Americas.
Record: heat pump less than 10 g of propane per kW
German researchers have developed a refrigeration circuit integrating a propane heat pump that achieves a heating power of 12.8 kW with only 124 g of refrigerant.
ICR2019: focus on innovative refrigeration technologies for developing countries
Several papers presented during the IIR International Congress of Refrigeration in August 2019 addressed advances in the refrigeration technologies that are particularly adapted to hot countries with limited electricity supply: solar...
Air conditioning: towards a relaxation of the rules for the use of flammable refrigerants
While the European Commission is paving the way for the use of flammable refrigerants as an alternative for split systems, the current revision of the international standard IEC 60335-2-40 should allow higher...
IIR news
54 results
Heat pumps, the central theme of the recent IIR Congress
An overview of the research carried out in the field of heat pumps, with the aim of achieving greater flexibility and increased energy efficiency, in particular through to the use of thermal energy...
Ammonia and CO2 Refrigeration Technologies conference papers now available to download
Discover the IIR Conference papers from 2021
Thanks to the support of its international network, last year, the IIR organised a staggering seven conferences dedicated to key themes of refrigeration.
Small steps towards a giant leap! Parties to the Montreal Protocol continue discussions on HFCs
Last week saw another step towards a global agreement on the phase down of ozone depleting substances, the event started with a buzz around the new amendment proposals to the Montreal Protocol.
Available now: All 474 papers from the Purdue Conferences 2018
Welcoming 800 participants from 30 different countries, the 2018 Purdue Conferences took place at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA, from July 9 to 12, 2018.
Now available: ICR2015 congress papers
Following on from the successful IIR International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR2015), the long anticipated papers and proceedings are now available to download in Fridoc.
Focus on the last events in June 2021
In June 2021, the IIR organised two conferences: Thermag and HFO. It also participated in the European Conferences on the latest technologies in refrigeration and air conditioning organised by Centro Studi...
Now available: IIR Congress papers 2019
Download your copy of the ICR 2019 proceedings. Over 630 technical papers are available!
The long awaited ICR2015 is underway!
Held every four years, this year ICR2015 welcomes 1,011 conference delegates from 55 countries, making it a truly global refrigeration event.
New IIR Informatory Note. Low-GWP Refrigerants: Status and Outlook
The latest IIR Informatory Note outlines the options available for low-GWP refrigerants and their respective performance. It provides a series of recommendations on refrigerant...
New IIR Informatory Note: Advancements in Supermarket Refrigeration
Download your copy of the latest IIR Informatory Note on “Advancements in Supermarket Refrigeration”
IIR website: best downloads in 2022
Discover the three most popular IIR publications in 2022. The focus is on the economy, women in refrigeration, and the carbon footprint of the cold chain.
Now available: ICCC 2018 conference papers and proceedings
Couldn't attend the 5th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC 2018) in Beijing, China, last month? Download the conference proceedings and papers.
Press Release: REAL Alternatives for LIFE project on blended learning for alternative refrigerants gets started
Financed by the EU's funding instrument for the environment and climate action, the REAL Alternatives for LIFE consortium met in June for the project kick-off meeting.
Discover the 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants”
The 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants” provides a comprehensive introduction to matters such as flammability characteristics, classifications and governing rules such as safety standards and regulations covering the entire...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
8 results
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
