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IIR document

Efficiency enhancement by combining the carbon dioxide process with a water-loop using water as refrigerant.

• Author(s) : HANSLIK F., SUESS J., KOEHLER J.
• Publication date: 2018/06/18
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Comparison, Loop, Temperature, R744, R718, Energy efficiency, COP, Water, CO2
• Source: 13^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2018). Proceedings. Valencia, Spain, June 18-20th 2018.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

The potential of water as a refrigerant - past, present and future approaches.

• Author(s) : KLEIN V., SUESS J., HESSE U.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Water, R718, Chiller, Ethanol, Test rig, Expérimentation, Thermodynamic property
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Water (R718) as a low-GWP alternative.

• Author(s) : MADSBOLL H., PACHAI A. C.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Safety, Low GWP, Design, Chiller, R718, Axial compressor, Market, Water
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

The influence of different water-injection methods on water vapor high temperature heat pump.

• Author(s) : WU D., HU B., WANG R. Z.
• Publication date: 2021/08/31
• Languages : English
• Keywords : High temperature, Industrial application, Heat pump, COP, Water, Injection, R718, Expérimentation, Prototype
• Source: 13^th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2021: Heat Pumps – Mission for the Green World. Conference proceedings [full papers]
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

The potential of water as a refrigerant - past, present and future approaches.

• Author(s) : HANSLIK F., SUESS J., KOEHLER J.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Data centre, Chiller, R718, Compression system, Review, Low capacity, Air conditioning, Water, Centrifugal compressor
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Scaling parameters between ammonia and water.

• Author(s) : SPINDLER K.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Heat transfer coefficient, R718, R717, Ammonia, Thermodynamic property, Modelling, Scaling, Boiling, Water
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Theoretical and experimental investigation on a very high temperature heat pump with water refrigerant.

• Author(s) : WU D., HU B., WANG R. Z.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, R718, Prototype, Heat pump, Modelling, High temperature, Expérimentation, COP, Water
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Theoretical analysis and comparison of different heat pump cycles using water as working fluid.

• Author(s) : WU D., HU B., LIANG J., WANG R. Z.
• Publication date: 2020/12/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Water, Heat pump, Modelling, Simulation, Performance, COP, Heating, Design, Two-stage system, Injection, Ejector
• Source: 14^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2020). Proceedings. Kyoto, Japon, December 7-9^th 2020.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

High temperature heat pumps for industrial heating processes using water as refrigerant.

• Author(s) : WANG R., YAN H., WU D., JIANG J., DONG X.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : High temperature, Heat pump, Industrial application, Water, R718, Low GWP, Air-source system, Prototype, Absorption system, Natural refrigerant, Thermodynamic cycle, Compression system
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Efficiency enhancement by subcooling the carbon dioxide process with water as refrigerant.

• Author(s) : HANSLIK F., SUESS J., KOEHLER J.
• Publication date: 2018/07/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Natural refrigerant, Commercial application, R744, R718, Subcooling, Simulation, Cascade system, Energy efficiency, Water, CO2
• Source: 2018 Purdue Conferences. 17^th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental evaluation of a water based high temperature heat pump with novel high pressure lift turbo compressors.

• Author(s) : VERPE E., SCHLEMMINGER C., BANTLE M., AHRENS M.
• Publication date: 2020/12/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Industrial application, Heat pump, Water, R718, Test rig, Two-stage system, Expérimentation, Compressor, COP
• Source: 14^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2020). Proceedings. Kyoto, Japon, December 7-9^th 2020.
• Formats : PDF

Bomba de calor de alta temperatura usando vapor de agua como refrigerante.

A high temperature heat pump using water vapor as working fluid.

• Author(s) : LARMINAT P. de, ARNOU D., LE SAUSSE P., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/09
• Languages : Spanish
• Keywords : Vapour, Prototype, Heat pump, Performance, High temperature, Testing, Water, Centrifugal compressor
• Source: Frío Calor Aire acondicionado - vol. 44 - n. 494
• Formats : PDF

Two approaches for enhanced evaporation of water at subatmospheric pressure.

• Author(s) : VOLMER R., ALARIO N., WEISE J., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/08/07
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Chiller, R718, Adsorption, Heat pump, Expérimentation, Evaporator, Condenser, Water
• Source: International sorption heat pump conference, ISHPC 2017, Tokyo august 7-10.

Continuous cooling compressor for water refrigerant heat pump.

• Author(s) : SHOYAMA T., SUN H., KAWANO B., MATSUI M.
• Publication date: 2021/09
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Compressor, Aerodynamics, Test rig, Expérimentation, Water, Thermodynamics, Heat pump, Compression, R718
• Source: 12^th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Water vaporization inside a smooth plate-type heat exchanger at subatmospheric pressure : impact of the channel thickness.

• Author(s) : GIRAUD F., FLURO L., TREMEAC B.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Channel, Temperature, R718, Modelling, Pressure, Falling film, Expérimentation, Evaporator, Thickness, Heat exchanger, Water
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Water desalination thanks to freezing

A new desalination process involving freezing has been developed and offers an alternative to the shortcomings of other technologies such as distillation or inverted osmosis.

• Publication date : 2013/08/30

Saving water thanks to air conditioning

Two Houston Universities are tapping into the city’s air-conditioning (AC) systems to conserve water in the midst of a historic drought.

• Publication date : 2011/12/13

Briefs: Refrigerated windmill provides drinking water

A windmill equipped with a small cooling system produces up to 200 litres of drinking water/day. Collecting moisture from wind was already applied in Chile for instance, but by adding the small cooling device, it was possible for Marc Parent, the...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Briefs: Water savings thanks to hybrid condensers

Hybrid condensers offer significant water savings versus traditional water-cooled and evaporative condensers. They also make it possible to reduce energy consumption and refrigerant charge. In Australia, where water savings are a major issue since...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Global air-to-water heat-pump market figures

In 2010, global air-to-water (ATW) heat-pump market demand increased by 24% since the previous year.

• Publication date : 2011/12/14
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Briefs: Morning dew: a source of drinking water

Researchers at Grenoble CEA, in France, have designed, thanks to a new material, a collector that can collect and condense dew, providing a precious additional source of water, and furthermore, of drinking water. The device is based on the...

• Publication date : 2006/07/26

Residential CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating

This paper was presented at the IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in Glasgow (Sep. 2004). A theoretical and experimental study was carried out for a residential brine-to-water CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating - a...

• Publication date : 2004/11/24

Is that watermelon too big for your fridge?

Producers have caught on to the fact that most European consumers can't fit 6 kg watermelons in their fridges. Solinda, a miniature watermelon variety, has been launched in the UK. It has no black pips, weighs a mere kilo or two and has been bred...

• Publication date : 2005/07/19

Solar panels and a "water battery" to provide chilled water for air conditioners in an Australian university

The University of the Sunshine Coast, in Australia, has announced plans to install a giant "water battery" run by 5,800 solar panels to provide chilled water for air conditioning.

• Publication date : 2018/07/09

Treated water for district cooling

In Dubai, Empower claims to have saved 735,000 m3 of fresh water last year by using treated water in its district cooling systems.

• Publication date : 2015/09/04
• Subjects: Environment, General information

Data centre uses river water for cooling

The American company Nautilus commissioned its first data centre naturally cooled by water from a river in April. 

• Publication date : 2021/05/31

Some advice for prolonging water chiller life.

Brent Hall, a temperature control specialist, gives six water treatment tips for lasting chillers performances.

• Publication date : 2017/03/07

World air-to water heat pumps market

A few figures from the JARN.

• Publication date : 2017/12/11

A refrigerator running on sun and water.

A student of MIT in Boston has developed The Evaptainers, an electricity-free and mobile fridge, using evaporative cooling technology.

• Publication date : 2015/07/09

How to reuse the condensate water from air conditioners?

Review of the different uses of the condensate water rejected by air conditioners.

• Publication date : 2020/09/04
• Subjects: Developing country

Member news: Efficient Energy has been rewarded for its remarkable growth over the last 4 years

Energy Efficient, an IIR corporate member, ranked third in the latest Deloitte Technology Fast 50 in Germany. This ranking rewards companies based on the percentage increase in their revenue over the last four...

• Publication date : 2021/12/15
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

15th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference, June 13-15, 2022: the detailed programme is now available!

The detailed program of the 15th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants is now available online.

• Publication date : 2022/05/16
• Subjects: HFCs alternatives

New EU funded project began on October 1st, 2021: “SophiA - Sustainable off-grid solutions for pharmacies and hospitals in Africa”

With a budget of 8 million euros over four years, SophiA will develop containerized solutions for hospitals using natural refrigerants, solar thermal and photovoltaics to enable more and more African people to...

• Publication date : 2021/10/21
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country, Environment, HFCs alternatives

The IIR with the World Bank in West Bengal

The IIR is a key partner in the World Bank’s project on the Inland Waterways Transport (IWT) integration into the cold chain in West Bengal 

• Publication date : 2021/09/07

News from IIR members: Johnson Controls

Johnson Controls and Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman University are beating the record books with York CYK chillers. To construct what is claimed to be the world's largest chiller plant using air-cooled radiators, Johnson Controls is providing 26...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

News from IIR members: Cemagref

Mr Roger Genet has been appointed new General Director of Cemagref, a leading French research organization in the sustainable land and water management field, benefactor member of the IIR. He replaces Mr Pascal Viné.

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

News from IIR members: Nestlé

Nestlé's confectionery production facility in Halifax, UK, has implemented an award-winning innovative ammonia heat pump plant to power its operations, cutting costs at the site by over 240 000 € per year. The system, formed by a collaborative...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Conference update: Sydney

The 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference Natural Working Fluids will be held in Sydney, Australia, on April 12-14, 2010. The call for papers and first announcement are now available:

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

News from IIR members: Kinarca

Kinarca obtains ISO 22000 certification for its gel-ice machine. Bureau Veritas Certification has certified that Kinarca's Food Security system applied to the design process, manufacturing assembly and maintenance of flo-ice machines is according...

• Publication date : 2009/02/24

News from IIR members: Danfoss

A pleasant indoor climate and no energy costs. This is what it feels like to live in the Zero+ house - the first home in Denmark that produces more power than is actually consumed. The house supplies its own heating and electricity and generates...

• Publication date : 2011/02/04

Corporate Members: news

- Danfoss has experienced booming sales 18% growth over the first three quarters of 2007. Sales reached 2.2 billion €. Growth in China and Latin America was particularly positive and end of year sales are expected to top 3 billion €.

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

Conference update: Ohrid

The 3rd IIR event in a series, Ammonia Refrigeration Technology was held on May 7-9, 2009, in Ohrid, Macedonia. With 95 participants from 24 countries and 32 papers presented, the event was very successful. A key focus of this series of...

• Publication date : 2009/05/27

Corporate members: news

- During the IIAR's 2008 Ammonia Refrigeration and Conference, the first fundraising event, a golf tournament, was held in order to launch Ammonia Refrigeration Foundation actions. The recently formed foundation will promote charitable,...

• Publication date : 2008/05/13

IIR member news: Johnson Controls YORK chiller optimised for R1233zd(E)

The YORK YZ magnetic bearing centrifugal chiller, produced by Johnson Controls, is said to be the first chiller fully optimized for ultimate performance with the low-global warming potential refrigerant R1233zd(E).

• Publication date : 2019/01/31

News from IIR members: Star Refrigeration

Star Refrigeration has installed a highly efficient Azanechiller at a Scottish meat processing facility. The central pumped glycol system has a total cooling capacity of 365kW and includes pumps with variable speed drives, six ceiling...

• Publication date : 2011/08/04

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2022/06/20
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

For IIR members only

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2022/10/12
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics