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IIR document

Evaluation of different evaporator and condenser concepts in sea water chillers using CO2 as refrigerant.

• Author(s) : REKSTAD I. H., LADAM Y.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

La tecnologia delle pompe di calore utilizzando l’acqua salata del mare.

Heat pump technology using salty sea water.

• Author(s) : PEARSON D., GLADIS S.
• Publication date: 2014
• Languages : Italian
• Source: Industria & Formazione - vol. 38 - n. 375
• Formats : PDF

Étude des technologies de dessalement thermique "(TVC, MSF, TVC/MSF-BR)".

Survey on thermal desalination technologies "(TVC, MSF, TVC/MSF-BR)".

• Author(s) : AHLEM S., ELAKHDAR M., KAIROUANI L.
• Publication date: 2016/03/24
• Languages : French
• Source: 1st International Refrigeration, Energy and Environment Colloquium. Proceedings: Hammamet, Tunisia, March 24-27, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Natural refrigerants in refrigerated seawater systems on fishing vessels.

• Author(s) : WIDELL K. N., NORDTVEDT T. S., EIKEVIK T. M.
• Publication date: 2016/08/21
• Languages : English
• Source: 12^th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2016). Proceedings. Édimbourg, United Kingdom, August 21st-24th 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Intensification of field plate collector used in vacuum membrane distillation of sea water.

• Author(s) : SAID M., FRIKHA N., COMMENGE J. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/03/24
• Languages : English
• Source: 1st International Refrigeration, Energy and Environment Colloquium. Proceedings: Hammamet, Tunisia, March 24-27, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Measurements of standard seawater calls for minor adjustements of seawater ice slurry properties.

• Author(s) : IGNATOWICZ M., MELINDER Å., PALM B.
• Publication date: 2016/05/18
• Languages : English
• Source: 11^th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Proceedings: Karlsruhe, Germany, May 18-20, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Ice slurry properties of seawater.

• Author(s) : MELINDER Å., IGNATOWICZ M.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Challenges of effective chilling of Atlantic salmon in refrigerated sea water: field tests.

• Author(s) : TOLSTOREBROV I., WIDELL K. N., NORDTVEDT T. S., et al.
• Publication date: 2019/08/24
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 25^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Montréal , Canada, August 24-30, 2019.
• Formats : PDF

Análisis del potencial de la desalación por congelación/fusión de agua de mar en zonas costeras, utilizando la energía termo solar.

Anaysis of desalination potential by sea water freezing/melting in the coastal areas, using solar thermal energy.

• Author(s) : CASTILLO T. B., PILATOWSKY FIGUEROA I., CASTILLO T. M., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/05/03
• Languages : Spanish
• Source: CYTEF 2016. VIII Congreso Ibérico y VI Congreso Iberoamericano de las Ciencias y Técnicas del Frío, Coimbra-Portugal, 3-6 mayo, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Étude expérimentale et simulée d'un pilote de distillation membranaire.

Experimental simulated study on a membrane distillation prototype.

• Author(s) : DIABY A. T., BYRNE P., LOULERGUE P., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/03/24
• Languages : French
• Source: 1st International Refrigeration, Energy and Environment Colloquium. Proceedings: Hammamet, Tunisia, March 24-27, 2016.
• Formats : PDF

Chiller technologies for marine and fishery sectors.

• Author(s) : LARMINAT P. de
• Publication date: 2017/04/06
• Languages : English
• Source: Sustainable management of refrigeration technologies in marine and off-shore fisheries sectors.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Transient model of an RSW system with CO2 refrigeration – A study of overall performance.

• Author(s) : BRODAL E., JACKSON S., EIKSUND O., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/02
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 86
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Comparative study on the cooling performance of evaporative cooling systems using seawater and freshwater.

• Author(s) : YAN M., HE S., GAO M., XU M., MIAO J., HUANG X., HOOMAN K.
• Publication date: 2021/01
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 121
• Formats : PDF

Monitoring and assessment of an industrial antifouling treatment. Seasonal effects and influence of water velocity in an open once-through seawater cooling system.

• Author(s) : RUBIO D., LÓPEZ-GALINDO C., CASANUEVA J. F., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/06
• Languages : English
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 67 - n. 1-2

IIR document

Chilling of salmon in refrigerated sea water.

• Author(s) : BANTLE M., STAVSET O., NORDTVEDT T. S., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

A seawater district cooling system in the Caribbean.

A study by Makai Ocean Engineering analyzed the feasibility of using cold deep seawater for a district cooling system in the Caribbean.

• Publication date : 2015/10/13

World’s largest seawater air-conditioning system commissioned in Tahiti

Thanks to this system, the cold waters of the deep will cool the French Polynesia Hospital Center, saving at least 2.5 million euros of electricity per year. 

• Publication date : 2021/11/29
• Subjects: Technology

Seawater for district cooling in tropical coastal areas

A recent study explored the pros and cons of using deep cold seawater as an alternative cooling solution in tropical coastal regions.

• Publication date : 2020/12/21
• Subjects: Technology

New Monaco Yacht Club House to be cooled thanks to ocean water

Monaco’s new yacht club sticks to the sea-water cooling tradition.

• Publication date : 2013/09/24

New polymer coating keeps buildings cool

Researchers from Columbia University have created a passive daytime radiative cooling polymer coating with air voids that act as a spontaneous air cooler.

• Publication date : 2018/10/18
• Subjects: Environment

A new CO2 system as a major advancement for the convenience store refrigeration market

In UK, Space Engineering has launched a new CO2-based integrated refrigeration system which is said to be ideal for convenience stores.

• Publication date : 2016/09/07

Flammable refrigerants: the IEC approves the charge increase in commercial refrigeration

The International Electrotechnical Commission rejected in April a proposal to increase the charge limit of flammable refrigerants in the commercial refrigeration. But a recount has just reversed the decision.

• Publication date : 2019/05/29

Future data centre cooled using waste cooling from LNG Terminal in Singapore.

Several companies and research groups have partnered for a modular data centre project using waste cooling from the LNG regasification terminal in Singapore.

• Publication date : 2021/06/21
• Subjects: Technology

Norwegian lobster farm uses waste heat from datacentre

An innovative lobster farm will use waste heat from a Norwegian datacentre for water temperature regulation.

• Publication date : 2021/08/30
• Subjects: Technology

Energy savings in a milk plant through permanent magnet speed motors (en français)

A Belgian milk plant reduces by 18 to 21% the necessary energy for cooling through permanent magnet speed motors. (en français)

• Publication date : 2016/09/09

LNG cold energy recovery for salmon aquaculture

A team of Korean researchersis proposing a novel application of LNG cold energy recovery for aquaculture. 

• Publication date : 2023/02/20
• Subjects: Technology

Design and operation of district heating and cooling systems supplied by renewable energy sources

A report published by the European Commission analyses 8 efficient district heating and cooling systems in different Member States.  

• Publication date : 2021/03/29

The HVACR workforce in the United States

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were over 800,000 technician and engineer jobs related to heating and refrigeration in the US in 2021.

• Publication date : 2023/04/17
• Subjects: Figures, economy

The HVACR workforce in the United States in 2022

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of technicians employed in the heating and refrigeration sector in the US rose between 2021 and 2022.

• Publication date : 2024/01/12
• Subjects: Figures, economy

United States: the HVACR workforce on the rise in 2023

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the number of technicians employed in the heating and refrigeration sector in the US rose by 6% between 2022 and 2023. 

• Publication date : 2024/09/27

New EU funded project began on October 1st, 2021: “SophiA - Sustainable off-grid solutions for pharmacies and hospitals in Africa”

With a budget of 8 million euros over four years, SophiA will develop containerized solutions for hospitals using natural refrigerants, solar thermal and photovoltaics to enable more and more African people to...

• Publication date : 2021/10/21
• Subjects: Developing country, Environment, HFCs alternatives, Technology

The Centenary in Paris and future events

A joint IIR/French Refrigeration Association (AFF) conference was held in Paris on June 12, 2008 in order to celebrate the centenaries of both organizations. It was combined with the IIR statutory meetings on June 10, 11 and 13 and with various...

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

ICCC 2020: The most important international cold chain event of the year!

Register today to the IIR Cold Chain Conference 2020. A biennial event of the IIR, the ICCC conference series is recognised worldwide as a cutting-edge event on the cold chain.

• Publication date : 2019/12/30

Editorial by François Billiard

I am moved as I write these lines: I left the IIR on October 1, 2004, following a 5-year mandate as Director; the Executive Committee elected me on June 13, 1998. Thanks to the IIR's members, the members of its statutory committees, and the staff...

• Publication date : 2004/11/10

Highlights: the 25th IIR Congress 2019 brings together over 850 delegates

The congress attracted over 650 papers, including 530 oral presentations, 72 posters, 17 keynotes and 1 plenary session, as well as 9 workshops, 10 IIR Commission and Working Group meetings, and 4 technical tours.

• Publication date : 2019/09/12

IIR Congress 2019: The refrigeration event of the year

Taking place on August 24-30, 2019 in Montreal (Canada), birthplace of the 1987 Montreal Protocol, the IIR Congress 2019 will be organised under the theme “Refrigeration for Human Health and Future Prosperity" and will focus on the current global...

• Publication date : 2019/07/30

The IIR brings women in refrigeration to the forefront

Discover the reasons why the IIR organised its first fun and informal workshop on “Women in Refrigeration” during ICR2015.

• Publication date : 2015/09/09

What do refrigeration, air conditioning and social media have in common? A lot!

In 2014, an awareness raising social media campaign by Stephen Gill praising the too often overlooked virtues and benefits of refrigeration caused quite a stir, going viral.

• Publication date : 2015/07/21

Ever-expanding market research resources at your fingertips

The IIR enhances its market research resources

• Publication date : 2015/05/27

See you at the 2nd China Heat Pump Conference in 2024

Join this co-sponsored IIR conference on heat pumps in China set to be bigger than the first!

• Publication date : 2023/06/13
• Subjects: Technology

ELICiT: A great success at ThermagVII

At the occasion of Thermag VII conference held in Turin, Italy, attended by approximately 200 delegates of which more than 70 came from companies, the IIR organised, coordinated and facilitated the last ELICiT workshop held on September 14th 2016.

• Publication date : 2016/11/29

Discover the winners of the IIR Scientific Awards

Every four years during the International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR), the IIR offers a series of prestigious scientific awards.

• Publication date : 2015/03/11

The essential role of refrigeration in the combat against COVID-19

Statement of the International Institute of Refrigeration calling governments to consider refrigeration-related services as “essential services” in the context of the current health crisis due to COVID-19.

• Publication date : 2020/04/14
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Regulation, General information, Developing country, Environment, Technology

Discover the newly-elected IIR Section and Commission heads

Welcome the IIR’s new statutory body members!

• Publication date : 2019/08/29

New IIR Informatory Note on The Role of Refrigeration in the Global Economy

Discover the 29th Informatory Note on Refrigeration Technologies

• Publication date : 2015/12/02
• Subjects: General information

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, HFO et HCFO, Blends

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs