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IIR document
Active control of supercooling degree by amphoteric surfactants showing cationicity under voltage application.
Estudio de la vida útil de dorada fresca almacenada en hielo con aceites esenciales encapsulados.
Study of shelf-life of fresh seabream stored in crushed ice including encapsulated essential oils.
Experimental studies on thermal and rheological properties of Al2O3–ethylene glycol nanofluid.
Efecto de la fermentación controlada y la aplicación de frio en la obtención de col ácida de alta calidad.
Effect of controlled fermentation and cooling on the processing of high quality acid cabbage.
Advances in cryochemistry: mechanisms, reactions and applications.
Effects of immersion freezing methods on water holding capacity, ice crystals and water migration in grass carp during frozen storage.
Effect of long-term storage, ultra-low temperature, and freshness on the quality characteristics of frozen tuna meat.
New tap water heat pump using propane refrigerant.
Distributed model for analysis of the transient fluid refrigerant flow along tube-fin evaporators.
Survival of Salmonella spp. on surface-inoculated forced-air cooled and hydrocooled intact strawberries, and in strawberry puree.
Hot water heat pump with low-charge propane refrigerant.
A numerical investigation of the dynamic responds of Solar Direct Drive Refrigerators under different control strategies.
Influence of accurate ice temperature on quality of fresh beef during storage.
[In Chinese. / En chinois.]
Study of intelligent antibacterial and antioxidant poly(vinyl) alcohol film on the fresh-keeping effect and quality dynamic monitoring of Pseudosciaena crocea.
Simulation of a VRF system applied in electric buses in Taiwan.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
1879 results
HFCs: diverging opinions regarding phase-out/phase-down
A report prepared by Michael Kauffeld for the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) outlines a timetable specifying dates by which the use of HFCs could be banned in new equipment for each refrigeration and air-conditioning sub-sector, with a...
“Loophole” in the US HCFC-22 phase-out plan
Five of the leading US air-conditioning manufacturers - Carrier, Daikin/McQuay, Trane, Johnson Controls and Lennox - wrote on August 15, 2011 to the EPA calling for an amendment to the Final Rule published at the end of 2009 which "bans the sale...
Spray freeze-drying technique for the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products
Some biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines have a short shelf life and must be handled with care. A recent literature review presents the spray freeze-drying technique as an interesting option for optimising the...
Jordan phases out CFCs one year ahead of schedule
Jordan’s national programme for phasing out the use of CFCs, which aimed at disposing 1500 tonnes of these refrigerants was achieved one year ahead of schedule.
Lyophilisation market
The global market for lyophilisation (also known as freeze-drying) is projected to be worth USD 3.26 billion in 2015, spurred by the strong growth of new drugs and efforts to increase clinical approval.
The bio-pharma cold chain
According to Pharmaceutical Commerce’s 2016 Biopharma Cold Chain Sourcebook, spending on refrigerated (2–8°C) drugs is growing about 7% annually, or 41% during the 2014–2020 period.
Phase change materials in domestic fridges
The application of phase-change materials (PCMs) in domestic refrigerators could be a novel solution to improve appliance thermal stability and efficiency.
Cold chain self-assessment for pharmacists
The cold chain is becoming pharmacy’s new challenge. There are an increasing number of health products to be kept at controlled temperatures and regulatory requirements have been reinforced.
Phare Tower
Morphosis's Phare (Lighthouse) Tower is to go up in La Défense, France. Thom Mayne, the Design Director, describes the future landmark building as follows: "Moving around the tower, it appears to shift continually, distinct from different vantage...
Lyophilization equipment and services market
New market report published by Transparency Market Research indicates the global lyophilization equipment and services market valued at USD 2.73 billion in 2013.
National Geographic Society sets an example with green headquarters
The National Geographic Society is saving 8 to 11% on energy costs, amounting to USD 300 000 per year, following energy efficiency and water conservation upgrades to its headquarters in Washington DC. The Society’s 100-year-old building...
Dynamic controlled atmosphere for better quality apples
Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere (DCA) appeared in Canada ten years ago where O2 rates are lowered to 0.5% thanks to a sophisticated system used to monitor fruit quality during the process.
Phase-change materials result in huge cost savings
Phase-change materials (PCMs) are being used in a new building for the molecular engineering department of the University of Washington, in Seattle. The 7150 m² building has PCMs encapsulated in its wall and ceiling panels, and the expectation is...
A technical day to present the evolutions of the Certicold Pharma label
On March 22, 2017, the CEMAFROID group gathered health stakeholders for a technical day dedicated to the Certicold Pharma label.
HCFC phase-out is moving forward
China launched in December 2011 the HCFC Phase-Out Management Plan (HPMP), a USD 270 million project for complete phase-out of use of HCFCs by January 2015.
IIR news
811 results
New EU funded project began on October 1st, 2021: “SophiA - Sustainable off-grid solutions for pharmacies and hospitals in Africa”
With a budget of 8 million euros over four years, SophiA will develop containerized solutions for hospitals using natural refrigerants, solar thermal and photovoltaics to enable more and more African people to...
ATMOsphere Europe Summit 2021 to Address EU’s Phase Down of Super-Polluting Refrigerants
The replacement of HFCs with natural refrigerants is among the topics at the online event on September 28-29.
New IIR Publication: Bibliography on CO2
Bibliography on CO2: 2004-2006 references and abstracts This CD-ROM contains the bibliographical references and summaries of over 200 recent articles on CO2 and its various applications in the fields of refrigeration, air conditioning and heat...
SophiA at ESEF 2024 in Abidjan
SophiA will organise a 3-hour hybrid workshop focused on ongoing solar cooling and heating projects in the ECOWAS region.
SophiA project: HKA Lab test progress
SophiA HKA (Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences) Lab test is intended to provide a better understanding of the cooling system in in different climate zones.
Appointments: Dr Philippe Lebrun
Dr Philippe Lebrun was awarded an honorary doctorate by Wroclaw University of Technology (Poland), where he was invited to deliver the inaugural lecture of the academic year 2007-2008, entitled "Advanced technology from and for basic science:...
Philippe Lebrun received the Mendelssohn Award.
Philippe Lebrun, President of the IIR’s General Conference, received the prestigious Mendelssohn Award conferred by the International Cryogenic Engineering Committee on March 11, 2016.
New in our Encyclopedia: cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry
This summary document presents the potential applications of liquid cryogens in the pharmaceutical sector.
Briefs: Karl Stephan
Professor Karl Stephan, former President of Commission B1 and Head of Section B, and member of the Management Committee of the IIR, celebrated his 80th birthday in November 2010. The IIR, along with many national and international organizations,...
PhD student recruitment
PhD Studentship for 36 months for a subject concerning Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Machines, Theory, Modelling and Experiments): We are looking to recruit a PhD student in the area of magnetic refrigeration (thermal and fluid...
Conference reports: ATMOsphere 2010
The IIR-co-sponsored Conference ATMOsphere 2010 took place in Brussels on September 27-28, 2010. 170 persons from 30 countries attended. Speakers, from the industry or public organizations, particularly European ones, expressed their desire to...
IIR brings its expertise to SophiA’s training in Cameroon
The second capacity building session for SophiA trainers took place in Yaoundé, Cameroon, from January 20 to 24, 2025. The online presentation given by IIR on natural refrigerants in...
Philippe Lebrun awarded the Samuel C. Collins Award
Philippe Lebrun, President of IIR Section A “Cryogenics and liquefied gases” and member of the IIR Management Committee, has just received the prestigious Samuel C. Collins Award.
Philippe Lebrun to be awarded the Kamerlingh Onnes Medal of Honour
The Kamerlingh Onnes Medal of Honour will be presented to Dr Philippe Lebrun of CERN during the 10th-IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids to be held in Delft, the Netherlands on June 25-27, 2012.
Cryogenics and Low-Temperature Physics: New Horizons and Challenges
This Focus written by Ralf Herzog*, President of the IIR’s Cryophysics, Cryoengineering commission (Commission A1) for the Newsletter of the IIR is the third in a series of presentations of the activities and hot research topics handled by the...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
18 results
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
André Lebon
André Lebon (1859 – 1938). Membre fondateur de l’Association Internationale du Froid puis de l’Institut International du Froid
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
For IIR members only
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Events
4 results
IIR event
9th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain
April 12, 2026 - April 14, 2026
Istanbul, Türkiye (Republic)
Submit your abstract now! The 9th IIR Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain (ICCC 2026)...
Find out more
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
Other event
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
1st IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures
August 10, 2025 - August 13, 2025
Manchester, United Kingdom
The International Institute of Refrigeration is proud to announce that the first IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures will take place in Manchester, UK on 10-13 August 2025.
