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  • 20,000 megabytes under the sea

    Microsoft has tested a prototype called Project Natick of a self-contained data center that can operate hundreds of meters below the surface of the ocean off the Pacific coast, reducing the need for expensive cooling.

    • Publication date : 2016/05/09
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  • The global refrigerated sea transportation market

    Technavio’s market research analyst predicts the global refrigerated sea transportation market to grow steadily at a CAGR of around 4% during the period 2016-2020.

    • Publication date : 2016/01/18
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  • Legionnaires’ disease

    Two outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease are in the news: - Thirteen deaths have occurred among 85 patients who contracted Legionnaires' disease in the northern French prefecture of Pas-de-Calais. The main cause of the outbreak is a cooling tower at...

    • Publication date : 2004/04/28
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  • The European Intermodal Research Advisory Council

    The European Intermodal Research Advisory Council, set up on May 3, 2005, forms the basis for coordinated intermodal research strategy for Europe. Composed of some 50 key players from large intermodal businesses, intermodal rail and road...

    • Publication date : 2005/07/19
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  • Penguins, offices and seafood

    Who has created a penguin environment at San Diego's Seaworld, ice thermal-storage systems for office towers in Japan and seafood preservation systems for a large Chilean producer? The answer is Sunwell Technologies Inc., a Canadian firm...

    • Publication date : 2005/07/19
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  • SEAD assessment results out

    Efficient air conditioners could help make huge energy savings.

    • Publication date : 2013/08/28
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  • Eurofreeze Contest for Young Researchers

    The International Workshop Eurofreeze 2005 on Individual Quick Freezing of Foods was held in Sofia (Bulgaria) on January 13-15, 2005. It was organized by the Refrigeration Science and Technology Division of the Technical University of Sofia, with...

    • Publication date : 2005/04/26
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  • Briefs: ARTI's 21st Century Research Program

    During the 2004 ASHRAE Winter meeting in Anaheim, results from several research projects initiated under the ARTI (Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute) 21st Century Research Program - initiated by ARI (Air-Conditioning and...

    • Publication date : 2004/04/28
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  • Briefs: Cryogenic treatment of heart diseases

    Russia has made its first steps in the cryogenic treatment of heart arrhythmia. A new method was recently implemented by specialists at the V. A. Almazov Federal Heart, Blood and Endocrinology Centre in St. Petersburg. Cryotechnology is used for...

    • Publication date : 2011/02/04
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  • Briefs: ASHRAE to fund research on CO2

    For the first time, ASHRAE is to support research on CO2 (R744) in industrial refrigeration. Thanks to an USD 90 000 grant from ASHRAE, Washington State University (WSU) will conduct research on heat exchangers for sub-critical applications over a...

    • Publication date : 2008/02/12
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  • US research projects to cut AC energy consumption

    The 15 projects selected by Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) – within the Building Energy Efficiency Through Innovative Thermodevices (BEETIT) are developing new approaches and technologies for building cooling equipment and air...

    • Publication date : 2012/09/19
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  • A Research Project on Magnetic Refrigeration in Denmark

    Very few laboratories are dedicated to research on magnetic refrigeration, but their number and the number of countries involved is slowly growing. The Danish Council for Strategic Research has recently donated 14 million DKK to the Risø National...

    • Publication date : 2007/05/23
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  • The first 20 SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating)

    What is claimed to be the first 20 SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Rating) residential air conditioner has been introduced by Lennox Industries, USA. The XC21 air conditioner has a two-stage scroll compressor and operates on two levels: a high...

    • Publication date : 2005/07/19
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  • Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI) for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease

    A microscopic Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI) protocol designed at CEA-I²BM enables high-resolution visualization of amyloid plaques, associated with Alzheimer’s disease, 15-20 years before the first signs of dementia and memory loss appear.

    • Publication date : 2012/11/28
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  • Shipping fresh produce overseas is a key business for airlines operating out of Los Angeles

    For companies shipping fruit and vegetables by air from the West Coast of the USA to high-end supermarkets and restaurants in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, the overarching rule is: Never break the cold chain.

    • Publication date : 2013/05/14
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  • Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

    This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

    • Last update : 2022/01/20
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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  • Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

    In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

    • Last update : 2022/09/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers
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  • For IIR members only

    Heat pump stock in Europe

    This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

    • Last update : 2021/12/14
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics
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  • Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

    From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

    • Last update : 2023/06/30
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Ice creams
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  • Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends
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  • Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

    This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

    • Last update : 2022/11/17
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)
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  • Kigali Amendment status per country

    List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

    • Last update : 2024/11/15
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)
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    Justice hammer and green earth

  • Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

    Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

    • Last update : 2023/03/10
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information
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  • Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

    In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

    • Last update : 2022/09/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)
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  • Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

    Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

    • Last update : 2023/06/23
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : LNG and LPG
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  • Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

    Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

    • Last update : 2023/01/16
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Fruit, Vegetables
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  • Hydrocarbon refrigerants

    Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

    • Last update : 2022/06/22
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction
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  • Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

    The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

    • Last update : 2023/11/07
    • Langues : French, English
    • Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs
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  • For IIR members only

    Global cold storage capacity

    This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

    • Last update : 2021/12/06
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics
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  • Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

    Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

    • Last update : 2022/06/17
    • Langues : English
    • Themes : HFCs, Blends, HFO et HCFO
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See all results in the Encyclopedia of Refrigeration