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IIR document

Freezing times using time derivative of temperature on surface of foods.

• Author(s) : FERREIRA S. R., ROJAS L. O. A.
• Publication date: 2019/02
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food, Temperature, Modelling, Freezing, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 98
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Multidimensional freezing time using a pseudo-one-dimensional method.

• Author(s) : FERREIRA S. R.
• Publication date: 2024/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Calculation, Freezing time, Conduction, Modelling, Simulation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 166
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Numerical and experimental analysis on poultry freezing time.

• Author(s) : RIGHETTI G., PERNIGOTTO G., ZILIO C., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Poultry, Comparison, Modelling, Chicken, Expérimentation, Freezing time
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Model selection for predicting the return time from night setback.

• Author(s) : SEEM J. E., HOUSE J. M., ALCALA C. F.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Time, Building, Cooling, Simulation, Prediction, Heating
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 4^th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Freezing time of a slab using the method of lines.

• Author(s) : FERREIRA S. R.
• Publication date: 2017/03
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal property, Simulation, Modelling, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 75
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Analysis of the freezing time of chicken breast finite cylinders.

• Author(s) : ZILIO C., RIGHETTI G., PERNIGOTTO G., et al.
• Publication date: 2018/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CFD, Chicken, Expérimentation, Freezing, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 95
• Formats : PDF

Mathematical simulation of the freezing time of water in small diameter pipes.

• Author(s) : MCDONALD A., BSCHADEN B., SULLIVAN E., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/12
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Pipe, Modelling, Water, Freezing time
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 73 - n. 1

Time-temperature transparency in the cold chain.

• Author(s) : HSIAO H. I., HUANG K. L.
• Publication date: 2016/06
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Taiwan, Cold chain, Chilled food, Time-temperature tolerance, Frozen food, Survey
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 64

IIR document

Freezing time of an infinite cylinder and sphere using the method of lines.

• Author(s) : FERREIRA S. R., ROJAS L. O. A., SOUZA D. F. S., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Sphere, Model, Cylinder, Freezing, Freezing time
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 68
• Formats : PDF

Time-temperature integrators as predictive temperature sensors.

• Author(s) : ARIAS-MENDEZ A., VILAS C., ALONSO A. A., et al.
• Publication date: 2014/10
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Thermal property, Sensor, Temperature, Time-temperature tolerance, Prediction, Optimization, Temperature integrator, Expérimentation
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 44

Using simulation model to reduce system design time and cost.

• Author(s) : BAHEL V., SHIVASHANKAR S.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Time, Software, Air conditioner, Design, Simulation, Heat pump, Performance, Optimization
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 15th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

Valuation of a new Maillard reaction type time-temperature integrator at various temperatures.

• Author(s) : ROKUGAWA H., FUJIKAWA H.
• Publication date: 2015/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Food, Salmonella, Microbiology, Temperature, Time-temperature tolerance, Temperature integrator
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 57

Development of a time–temperature indicator (TTI) label by rotary printing technologies.

• Author(s) : ZABALA S., CASTAN J., MARTINEZ C.
• Publication date: 2015/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Temperature indicator, Printing plant, Cold chain, Management, Time-temperature tolerance
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 50

Effects of temperatures and storage time on resting populations of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas fluorescens in vitro.

• Author(s) : MODESTO OLANYA O., UKUKU D. O., NIEMIRA B. A.
• Publication date: 2014/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Time, Microbiology, Temperature, Pseudomonas, Storage, Escherichia
• Source: Food Control The International Journal of HACCP and Food Safety - vol. 39

Calculating method and experimental verification of freezing time of frozen food by liquid nitrogen.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : ZHOU X., LIU J., XU X., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/12
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Calculation, Liquid nitrogen, Frozen food, Model, Expérimentation, Freezing time
• Source: Journal of Refrigeration - vol. 37 - n. 172
• Formats : PDF

Temperature tracking in real time

Refrigeration transport companies are increasingly introducing temperature tracking systems. Pomona Terre Azur, located in Brittany, France, launched embarked Masternaut computer technology in 22 lorries in 2008. The computers are linked to a...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

Transcritical CO2 refrigeration ready for prime time panel

Transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems brings certainty at ATMOsphere America 2013

• Publication date : 2013/09/04

Time-temperature indicator materials given green light by EFSA

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) validates active materials used to create time-temperature indicators on chilled food packaging.

• Publication date : 2013/09/03

Global CO2 emissions reach all-time high in 2011

Global CO2 emissions rose by 3% in 2011 to a new record of 34 billion tonnes, according to the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL).

• Publication date : 2012/12/18

Briefs: TimeTemp

The Norwegian manufacturer TimeTemp has developed an innovative, small self-adhesive label attached to food products. The company says its innovative shelf life indicator is able to precisely measure the freshness of food items as they pass...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

Maritime reefer trade in South America

In 2011, reefer exports accounted for 12% of the value of total exports from the east and west coasts of South America, equivalent to USD 40 billion.

• Publication date : 2014/07/17
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Growing popularity of LNG as a fuel in maritime and land transport

Less than 1% of the world fleet is LNG-powered, but this figure is expected to grow at least fivefold over the coming years. Recent figures suggest that the use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a fuel for...

• Publication date : 2021/01/26

Natural gas and liquefied gases in the maritime transport

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) increased its share of global gas trade carried by sea in 2014. Volumes increased by 2.5%, taking the total to 333.3 billion cubic meters.

• Publication date : 2016/01/18

Refrigerated maritime transport: investing in new technology may help mitigate risk

In a Journal of Commerce article, John Padgett details new opportunities presented by digitally connected devices that enable cargo owners to better monitor reefers.

• Publication date : 2017/12/01

Real-time savings in buildings HVAC consumption

HVAC energy costs reductions by 25% are possible thanks to a software that automatically makes real-time adjustments to buildings control.

• Publication date : 2014/04/22

Smart refrigerated display cabinet collects real-time data.

The "Fresh-Cut" refrigerated display cabinet is a "smart" piece of equipment that records and transmits real-time data on the condition of goods on-shelf.

• Publication date : 2021/03/26
• Subjects: Technology, General information

France: a government decision sets a time limit for the use of equipment leaking fluorinated greenhouse gases (in French)

A French decision states that from July 1, 2017, the use of equipment leaking fluorinated greenhouse gases will be limited to 4 days.

• Publication date : 2017/05/09
• Subjects: Regulation

The lifetime cost of a magnetic refrigerator

A research paper published in the International Journal of Refrigeration demonstrates the lifetime cost of a magnetic refrigerator.

• Publication date : 2016/08/10

GHG emissions in international marine shipping.

GHG emissions from international shipping increased by 9.6% between 2012 and 2018, according to the Fourth Greenhouse Gas Study published in 2020 by the International Maritime Organization. HFC and HCFC...

• Publication date : 2021/06/29
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Environment

3D printing for passive buildings

3D printing of buildings, which has advantages in terms of cost and speed of construction, can also facilitate the design of near zero energy buildings. 

• Publication date : 2021/03/29

Calling all students! It’s time to send in your application to the Best student paper competition at ICR 2023

If you are an undergraduate or graduate student and your paper has been accepted to the 2023 IIR Congress, apply and you could win a cash prize of €500 and complimentary registration to Congress. Apply by June...

• Publication date : 2023/05/31
• Subjects: General information

How to adapt in a world at 50°C? Learn more at the IMechE conference this September

On September 6-8, 2023, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) will host its 1st International Conference and Workshop on Climate Adaptation and Resilience in London.

• Publication date : 2023/09/05
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Winners of the IIR Scientific Awards 2019 revealed

This time round, the IIR received a record number of applications and submissions to its various awards and is delighted to announce the winners.

• Publication date : 2019/04/15

IIR Scientific Awards

There's still time to apply!

• Publication date : 2014/02/10

OEWG36: Tough week of negotiations, no agreement except possible additional meetings

OEWG 36 spent much of its time focusing on moving the discussion on HFCs management forward.

• Publication date : 2015/07/29
• Subjects: Regulation

Member news: Ultra-low temperatures. NIST creates a more efficient pulse-tube refrigerator prototype

American researchers have created a prototype pulse-tube refrigerator that significantly reduces the time and energy required to reach temperatures close to absolute zero: an exciting advance for the quantum...

• Publication date : 2024/06/27

Purdue Conferences 2021

Co-sponsored by the IIR and held online for the very first time, the 2021 Purdue Conferences welcomed over 600 registered participants on May 24-28. 

• Publication date : 2021/05/31

Cryogenics 2023 : Call for abstracts extended to October 30!

There's still time to submit an abstract to the IIR Cryogenics 2023 conference to be held in Dresden (Germany) on April 24 to 28, 2023.

• Publication date : 2022/10/11
• Subjects: Technology

News from IIR members: Linde

Linde has launched CRYOLINE XF, a new cryogenic spiral freezer, which uses advanced cross-flow technology to reduce freezing time and improve cryogen efficiency, while reducing overall freezer size.

• Publication date : 2012/05/11

Webinar: The role of sustainable cooling technologies in the fight against climate change (in English and Italian)

A webinar on "The role of sustainable cooling technologies in the fight against climate change", organized  with Italy and IRENA, will take place on December 10 at 11:30 am (Paris time).

• Publication date : 2021/11/30
• Subjects: Environment

The IIR is taking part in standardization work for TTIIs in France

Gérald Cavalier, President of Section D of the IIR’s Science and Technology Council was appointed President of the new E18A Commission of AFNOR (Association Française de Normalisation, the French Standardization Agency): “Cold chain control -...

• Publication date : 2012/08/22

Learn about the contribution of ammonia pioneers at the IOR historical talk on November 3

Travel back in time and find out more about the early pioneers of ammonia refrigeration at the Institute of Refrigeration's (IOR) historical TechTalk to be held online on November 3.

• Publication date : 2022/10/27
• Subjects: Technology

Refrigeration and the IIR in the spotlight at COP 28

The Conference of the Parties on Climate Change took place in Dubai (United Arab Emirates) from 30 November to 13 December 2023. For the first time, refrigeration was given special attention. The IIR shared a...

• Publication date : 2023/12/18
• Subjects: Environment

We are hiring a techical project manager

The IIR is involved in diverse projects supporting academia and countries. The candidate will support the IIR projects department, and will develop and secure new projects for the IIR and ensure that they are...

• Publication date : 2024/04/08

CLIM’ECO workshop in Guadeloupe

For the third time, the IIR, the Guadeloupe Union of Refrigeration Installers (SYGIF) and GazDom Guadeloupe organised the CLIM’ECO program awareness workshop. 

• Publication date : 2022/09/28

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, HFO et HCFO, Blends

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics