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IIR document
Comparison of hormonal stimulation influence on quality of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) sperm.
Degradation of adenosine triphosphate, water loss and textural changes in frozen common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets during storage at different temperatures.
Effectiveness of ice structuring protein on the myofibrillar protein from mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) during cryopreservation: Reduction of aggregation and improvement of emulsifying properties.
Effects of immersion freezing methods on water holding capacity, ice crystals and water migration in grass carp during frozen storage.
The Antifreeze and Cryoprotective Activities of a Novel Antifreeze Peptide from Ctenopharyngodon idella Scales.
Cryoprotective Roles of Carboxymethyl Chitosan during the Frozen Storage of Surimi: Protein Structures, Gel Behaviors and Edible Qualities.
Protective effects of propolis on cryopreservation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) sperm.
ICE STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURED MAJOR CARPS OF INDIA.
Quality predictive models of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) at different temperatures during storage.
TRANSPORTATION OF LIVE FISH: EXPERIENCES WITH CARP, BLACK-BASS AND TROUT HATCHES AND ONE YEAR OLD TROUTS.
Comparing the effectiveness of chitosan and nanochitosan coatings on the quality of refrigerated silver carp fillets.
Effect of storage in commercial deep freezer (-20°C) on the quality of four tropical freshwater carp meats.
Influence de la température et des modes de conditionnement sur l'évolution de la qualité microbiologique des filets de carpe au cours du stockage.
Influence of temperature and packaging methods on changes in microbiological quality of carp fillets during storage.
Grape seed and clove bud extracts as natural antioxidants in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) fillets during chilled storage: effect on lipid and protein oxidation.
Effet de la durée et des conditions de stockage (réfrigération et congélation) sur des caractéristiques de texture de filets de truite (Salmo trutta) et de carpe (Cyprinus carpio).
Effect of postmortem storage time and temperature (chilling and freezing) on flesh texture of trout (Salmo trutta) and carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Refrigeration sector monitoring
224 results
Briefs: NO-LOSS Campaign
IRHACE (Institute of Refrigeration, Heating and Air Conditioning Engineers of New Zealand) has set up a NO-LOSS campaign designed for technicians, engineers and stakeholders and involving use of comprehensive packs. The knowledge and skills...
University of Chicago – South Campus chiller plant
When the University of Chicago built a new chiller plant, it seized the opportunity to make the new plant functional, high-performance and on display as a work of art. The resulting South Campus chiller plant celebrates technical equipment: all...
Scalp cooling device: prevent hair loss caused by chemotherapy.
Scalp cooling device may help reduce hair loss for women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy.
Castle Lite’s ice cold campaign.
The South African beer refreshes its image.
Solar panels on car’s roof to power the air conditioning system
Audi recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the US solar cells specialist Alta. They plan to work together to integrate photovoltaic cells into the panoramic glass roofs of Audi models.
The use of hydrocarbon refrigerants in Europe
The report "Impact of standards on hydrocarbon refrigerants in Europe" reviews the various uses of hydrocarbons in refrigeration, as well as the obstacles to their utilisation.
US: EPA raises hydrocarbon charge limit for home fridges
New US rules allowing greater charge sizes of hydrocarbon refrigerants in new domestic refrigerators and freezers entered into force on September 7, 2018.
US EPA proposes acceptance of hydrocarbons and R32 in 6 applications
The US EPA has proposed a range of acceptable uses for hydrocarbon refrigerants – R600a, R290, R170 and R441A along with R32 under the EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)
Shenzhen: China's first pilot city for hydrocarbon air conditioning
The city of Shenzhen is a pioneering the commercial application of hydrocarbon refrigerants to replace HCFCs in air conditioning.
Expanding market for hydrocarbon compressors
Several compressor makers are introducing new models operating with hydrocarbon refrigerants. For example ComStar International Inc., will offer compressors with the newly approved R-441A (HCR 188C), patented blend of ethane, propane, butane and...
A study assesses alternative mixtures to two pure hydrocarbon refrigerants
An article reviews more than 11,000 mixtures of refrigerants that could be interesting alternatives to pure R290 and R600a.
Europe hydrocarbon refrigerants market
Europe’s hydrocarbon refrigerants market was valued at USD 46.03 million in 2013 and is estimated to reach USD 62.43 million by 2019.
US: EPA approves 3 hydrocarbon refrigerants for household and commercial uses
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has added 3 hydrocarbons as acceptable alternatives in household refrigerators and freezers, combination refrigerator-freezers, and commercial stand-alone units through EPA’s Significant New...
US: EPA expands the use of 4 hydrocarbons and R32
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently authorised the use of four hydrocarbon refrigerants and R32 in various applications.
China evaluates the real risks of hydrocarbons
According to JARN, China intends to switch half its production of split air conditioners to propane in order to meet the objectives of the HCFC Phase-Out Management Plan by 2015.This involved identifying potential leakage points and using...
IIR news
83 results
March 2023: An active communication and awareness campaign for INDEE+
March 2023 was marked by a series of communication events for INDEE+, gathering all project partners and key Indian HVAC&R stakeholders in India.
Cooling Keeps Food Fresh : Global Campaign Announced for World Refrigeration Day, June 26
Since 2019, June 26 celebrates the World Refrigeration Day. With increasing global stakes at hand over the past years, refrigeration took a leading role at the heart of international...
Awareness campaign on the CLIM'ECO programme in Guadeloupe
The IIR, partner and ambassador of the CLIM'ECO program, has undertaken a mission of sensitisation in Guadeloupe as part of the programme.
IIR Webinar – Domestic hydrocarbon heat pumps, key to a decarbonised future
As the world accelerates towards decarbonisation, heat pumps are emerging as a global solution for cleaner, more efficient residential cooling and heating.
IIR publishes a new Technical Brief: Domestic heat pumps using hydrocarbons - Current status and market overview in Europe
At a time when the energy transition is at the top of the global agenda, the IIR is publishing a new Technical Brief on domestic hydrocarbon heat pumps. This strategic document...
New IIR Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain
The IIR has just issued a new Informatory Note on the carbon footprint of the cold chain. It highlights the food safety and environmental benefits of an improved global cold chain.
INDEE+: Focus on the two-day workshop “Hotel Decarbonisation using R744 Heat Pump/chiller” organised in April
A two-day workshop titled “Hotel Decarbonisation using R744 Heat Pump/chiller” was organised on 26-27 April 2024 at Antarim Resorts, Goa. The technical session was followed by a demonstration of the R744 HP/C...
European Food Survey to decarbonise industrial operations
The ENOUGH project invites European food operators to complete a short survey on the advancements and potential for achieving the net-zero emissions target.
The OEWG 38: dedicated to the phase down of hydrofluorocarbons
The IIR reports back from the 38th Open-Ended Working Group meeting in Vienna
The “Carbon reduction opportunities for the food chain” workshop at ICCC 2022
The workshop was focused on the solutions brought by the EU project ENOUGH to reduce emissions from the food sector as set by the EU farm to fork strategy. A panel discussion was also held during the event...
ENOUGH – a new project that will identify how food industry can become net zero by 2050
The project will develop technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU’s farm to fork Strategy to achieve climate neutrality in the food industry.
J&E Hall International Gold Medal awarded to Pr. Judith Evans for her exceptional contribution to energy and carbon reduction in the food cold chain
Professor Judith Evans, UK delegate to IIR and president of IIR section C, is this year’s recipient of the prestigious J&E Hall International Gold Medal.
Highlights: the 25th IIR Congress 2019 brings together over 850 delegates
The congress attracted over 650 papers, including 530 oral presentations, 72 posters, 17 keynotes and 1 plenary session, as well as 9 workshops, 10 IIR Commission and Working Group meetings, and 4 technical tours.
Daikin launches educational initiative on next-generation refrigerants
Daikin Comfort Technologies partners with the ESCO Institute to prepare the HVAC industry for the use of low global warming potential refrigerants.
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
12 results
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
For IIR members only
Global cold storage capacity
This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...
Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data
From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry
The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...
Environmental impact of the ice cream industry
This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Events
7 results
IIR event
11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting
June 07, 2026 - June 11, 2026
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Submit your full paper now! The 11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting (Thermag 2026), to be...
Find out more
Other event
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
Data Centers at a Crossroads: Energy, Cooling, and Policy Challenges
May 12, 2026
Register...
15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems
September 13, 2027 - September 15, 2027
London, United Kingdom
On September 13-15, 2027, the 15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems of City University of London will provide a forum for debate on developments in air, gas and refrigeration...
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
September 16, 2026 - September 18, 2026
Xi'an, China
Currently accepting full papers! The 15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for...
Cooling Without Warming: Energy‑Efficient ACs and Heat Pumps
April 28, 2026
Paris, France
Register here
