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IIR document
Development of a fully organic microencapsulated phase change material from agricultural residues.
Performance optimization and economic analysis of solar based desiccant wheel grain dryer.
Effect of Freezing Wheat Dough Enriched with Calcium Salts with/without Inulin on Bread Quality.
Effects of CO2 snow addition during kneading on thermoregulation, dough rheological properties, and bread characteristics: A focus on ancient and modern wheat cultivars.
Recommended by the IIR / IIR document
Review of small-capacity single-stage continuous absorption systems operating on binary working fluids for cooling: Compact exchanger technologies.
EFFECTS OF REFRIGERATED AERATION ON THE QUALITY OF STORED WHEAT.
Ice-structuring proteins from winter wheat, a novel ice cream ingredient.
Solute accumulation in wheat seedlings during cold acclimation: contribution to increased freezing tolerance.
The efficacy of flufenoxuron and azadirachtin against mixed mite and insect populations in small bins of wheat.
Models linking insecticidal efficacy decline and residue concentration decrease with time, temperature and water activity in chlorpyrifos-methyl treated wheat.
The effect of water activity, freezing rate, and temperature on retrogradation of gelatinized wheat flour and cooked rice.
Studies on the thermal properties of grain stored at low temperatures.
Research on the evolution of cereal microbiota during storage at low temperatures.
Use of biologically valuable additives in sauces for quick-frozen prepared foods with garnishes.
[In Russian. / En russe.]
Studies regarding the effect of storing Dropia grains at low temperatures upon the granularity of the flour.
Refrigeration sector monitoring
2220 results
MAC: SAE considers R1234yf as “safe and effective” and AC5 and AC6 blends as “technically credible”
The SAE International Cooperative Research Project team has concluded that “R1234yf refrigerant is safe and effective to use in automotive applications. It also concluded that “based on a detailed fault tree analysis, AC6 offers a risk profile...
Flammable ice: the answer to Japan’s energy drought?
Flammable ice (or methane hydrate) could represent an interesting alternative to fossil fuels in Japan, since vast amounts of methane hydrate can be found buried deep under the ocean around the country.
Road to COP28. Achieving sustainable cold chains in low-to-middle-income countries
Successful implementation requires clear government strategy, financial support, close engagement with local communities and users, trainings for efficient use and maintenance, and...
Heat pumps : the core technology for sustainable heating
A recent report by the IEA highlights that heat pumps are essential to reducing the use of natural gas for heating, while improving energy security, reducing emissions and ensuring...
Meeting the challenge of a sustainable global food cold chain
A recent report published by UNEP and FAO includes several important recommendations on how to develop more sustainable food cold chains.
Fermidable
In a team led by Wolfgang Ketterle, a nobel laureate, MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) scientists have been the first to create "a new type of matter", a gas of atoms that shows high-temperature superfluidity. A superfluid gas can flow...
Superconducting cable for urban electricity
Part of AmpaCity project, the 1km, 10 kV high temperature ceramic-based superconductive cable is the world’s longest and the first to have been integrated into an urban electricity grid in Essen, Germany.
Renewable energy in Eastern and Southern Africa: A lever for the healthcare cold chain
Accounting for about one-fifth of Sub-Saharan Africa’s electricity mix, renewable energy powers equipment and facilities which are crucial for health facilities, such as...
Barbados releases a national strategy for sustainable cooling
The Caribbean island of Barbados released its national cooling strategy in September 2022, as the country experiences an increase in demand for air conditioners.
CO2 heat pump with variable-displacement compressor/expander in the pipeline
This CO2 heat pump will use oil-free variable-load compressor and variable expander technology, currently tested at Purdue University’s Herrick Laboratories.
Global display cabinet market to double by 2019
According to a new report published by Transparency Market Research, the world market for refrigerated display cases is expected to almost double in the next six years.
Superconductor cable innovation
Nexans, a French cable manufacturer, is to make the cable and cryogenic cooling system for the US Department of Energy's (DoE) 30 million USD high-temperature superconductor (HTS) power project in the Long Island Power Authority transmission grid....
Briefs: biodegradable packaging
The use of biodegradable packaging (such as starch and polylactic acid) in Eastern Europe is taking off: in 2006, 821 tonnes of such packaging were consumed in Eastern Europe, compared with 19 350 tonnes in Western Europe and 16 047 tonnes in...
Variable refrigerant flow systems world market
The market for variable refrigerant flow systems grew by 5.7% in 2018.
Prospects for a sustainable cold chain in India
The establishment of a sustainable cold chain in India could save 5.75bn euros worth of fruit and vegetables wasted annually.
IIR news
926 results
Statement from IIR Director General at UNIDO Sustainable Cooling Forum
Statement delivered by Dr. Yosr Allouche, IIR Director General, on April 8, 2026, at the UNIDO Sustainable Cooling Forum in Vienna, Austria.
IIR’s historical commitment to heat pump excellence and sustainable solutions
IIR is committed to supporting, informing and connecting scientists, policymakers, manufacturers and end-users of heat pump technologies through reference publications and dedicated...
UNIDO Sustainable Cooling Forum 2026
The Sustainable Cooling Forum, organized by United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) in Vienna in April 2026, brought together high-level representatives from governments,...
Valuable publications: Refrigeration Fundamentals
Refrigeration Fundamentals: this IIR course deals with refrigeration fundamentals, components of refrigeration plants, the refrigerants and lubricants used, and control systems. It is an attractive and valuable teaching tool that technicians and...
Adaptation 2025: Detailed Programme Now Available
The detailed programme for the IIR International Conference on Refrigeration Adapting to Rising Temperatures (Adaptation 2025) is now available online.
IIR advocates for sustainable air conditioning solutions at HBRC event in Cairo
IIR played a prominent role in the HBRC International Conference held in Cairo from 14 to 17 December 2024. Its representatives led discussions on sustainable air conditioning, emphasising its technical and...
New IIR Informatory Note on Renewable Energy
The latest IIR Informatory Note stresses that renewable energy sources can be considered practically inexhaustible and are currently the only solution for an ecological transition to clean...
World Science Day: IIR reaffirms the role of refrigeration for sustainable development
This 10 November 2025, IIR joins in the celebration of World Science Day, aligning with this year’s theme of “the science we need for 2050” by highlighting the importance of refrigeration for economic...
Valuable publications: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
A new edition of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, fully revised and updated by Guy Hundy was published in July 2008. This 392-page book is an introductory text and ideal for new entrants to the industry, particularly suited to students and...
26th International Congress of Refrigeration: A Remarkable Success
The 26th International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR), held on August 21-25, 2023, left an indelible mark on the world of refrigeration, serving as a resounding success with the active participation...
Discover the 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants”
The 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants” provides a comprehensive introduction to matters such as flammability characteristics, classifications and governing rules such as safety standards and regulations covering the entire...
Call for nominations: Sustainable cold chains virtual exhibition
Call for nominations for sustainable cold chain technologies and approaches.
Member news: Danfoss hosts global leaders in sustainable heating & cooling
In April, Danfoss hosted a week dedicated to sustainable heating and cooling. The second day featured Danfoss RACHP Symposium, where IIR Director General Yosr Allouche delivered a keynote presentation,...
Refrigeration for Sustainable Development - 23rd International Congress of Refrigeration
Every 4 years, the International Institute of Refrigeration holds a congress, each time in a different country. These milestone events bring together researchers and industrial stakeholders working in all refrigeration applications and...
Daikin’s Konwakai Summit Explores the Future of Sustainable HVAC&R Systems
This Summit gathered Daikin experts, policymakers, and top scientists to discuss advancing sustainable HVAC&R technologies and the industry’s role in reducing environmental...
Encyclopedia of Refrigeration
19 results
Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables
Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...
Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector
This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...
For IIR members only
Heat pump stock in Europe
This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.
Global cold storage capacity
This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).
Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers
In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...
Hydrocarbon refrigerants
Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...
Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement
Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...
Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling
In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...
Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants
Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.
Nanorefrigerants
Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...
André Lebon
André Lebon (1859 – 1938). Membre fondateur de l’Association Internationale du Froid puis de l’Institut International du Froid
Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants
Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...
Kigali Amendment status per country
List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.
Events
12 results
Sponsored event
9th International High Performance Buildings Conference at Purdue
July 12, 2026 - July 16, 2026
West Lafayette, IN, United States
A conference co-sponsored by the IIR Since 1972, Herrick Labs has hosted the premier international conferences on Compressor Engineering, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning, and...
Find out more
2026 China International Heat Pump Conference
October 13, 2026 - October 17, 2026
Shanghai, China
Following the resounding success of the 2nd China Heat Pump Conference (CHPC 2024) in Shenzhen, which gathered over 850 experts and delegates from 33 countries & regions, the upcoming 3rd CHPC in 2026 is poised to further expand its global...
Other event
15th IEA Heat Pump Conference
May 26, 2026 - May 29, 2026
Vienna, Austria
Join the 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, which will take place in Vienna, Austria,from May 26-29, 2026! The 15th IEA Heat Pump Conference, co-sponsored by IIR,...
28th International Compressor Engineering Conference at Purdue
21st International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue
ICSM 2026 – International Conference on Screw Machines
September 08, 2026 - September 10, 2026
Germany
The International Conference on Screw Machines 2026 will take place from 8 to 10 September 2026 at TU Dortmund University.
15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems
September 13, 2027 - September 15, 2027
London, United Kingdom
On September 13-15, 2027, the 15th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems of City University of London will provide a forum for debate on developments in air, gas and refrigeration...
IIR event
Data Centers at a Crossroads: Energy, Cooling, and Policy Challenges
May 12, 2026
Register...
17th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL 2026)
August 23, 2026 - August 26, 2026
Hamilton, New Zealand
Submit your abstract! With the increasing need for global warming countermeasures, natural working fluids have become a clear vector to reducing the CO2 footprint of...
27th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration
August 21, 2027 - August 27, 2027
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Save the date! The International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR) is a leading global event in the field of refrigeration, organised by the International Institute of Refrigeration...
15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
September 16, 2026 - September 18, 2026
Xi'an, China
Currently accepting full papers! The 15th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for...
11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting
June 07, 2026 - June 11, 2026
Ljubljana, Slovenia
Submit your full paper now! The 11th IIR Conference on Solid-State Cooling, Heating and Energy Harvesting (Thermag 2026), to be...
