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IIR document

Development of a fully organic microencapsulated phase change material from agricultural residues.

• Author(s) : ULRICH A., NIK ROO R., GUAYAQUIL SOSA J., MOHOSIN RANA MD., CLARKE M., DE LA HOZ SIEGLER H.
• Publication date: 2024/05/31
• Languages : English
• Source: 14^th IIR Conference on Phase-Change Materials and Slurries for Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. Proceedings:  Paris France, May 29-31, 2024.
• Formats : PDF

Performance optimization and economic analysis of solar based desiccant wheel grain dryer.

• Author(s) : HANIF S., MIYAZAKI T., KOYAMA S.
• Publication date: 2017/08/07
• Languages : English
• Source: International sorption heat pump conference, ISHPC 2017, Tokyo august 7-10.

Effect of Freezing Wheat Dough Enriched with Calcium Salts with/without Inulin on Bread Quality.

• Author(s) : CARBONI A. D., GÓMEZ-ZAVAGLIA A., PUPPO M. C., SALINAS M. V.
• Publication date: 2022/07
• Languages : English
• Source: Foods - vol. 11 - n. 13
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Effects of CO₂ snow addition during kneading on thermoregulation, dough rheological properties, and bread characteristics: A focus on ancient and modern wheat cultivars.

• Author(s) : CAPPELLI A., CANESSA J., CINI E.
• Publication date: 2020/09
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 117
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Review of small-capacity single-stage continuous absorption systems operating on binary working fluids for cooling: Compact exchanger technologies.

• Author(s) : ALTAMIRANO A., STUTZ B., LE PIERRÈS N.
• Publication date: 2020/06
• Languages : English
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 114
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

EFFECTS OF REFRIGERATED AERATION ON THE QUALITY OF STORED WHEAT.

• Author(s) : GHALY T. F.
• Publication date: 1988/09/05
• Languages : English
• Source: Refrigeration for food and people.
• Formats : PDF

Ice-structuring proteins from winter wheat, a novel ice cream ingredient.

• Author(s) : REGAND A., VERESPEJ E., GOFF H. D.
• Publication date: 2004
• Languages : English
• Source: Ice cream II. Proceedings of the second IDF International Symposium on Ice Cream.

Solute accumulation in wheat seedlings during cold acclimation: contribution to increased freezing tolerance.

• Author(s) : KAMATA T., UEMURA M.
• Publication date: 2004/09
• Languages : English
• Source: CryoLetters - vol. 25 - n. 5

The efficacy of flufenoxuron and azadirachtin against mixed mite and insect populations in small bins of wheat.

• Author(s) : COLLINS D. A.
• Publication date: 2002/07/22
• Languages : English
• Source: Advances in stored product protection. Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection.

Models linking insecticidal efficacy decline and residue concentration decrease with time, temperature and water activity in chlorpyrifos-methyl treated wheat.

• Author(s) : FLEURAT-LESSARD F., WILBERT T., VIDAL M. L.
• Publication date: 2002/07/22
• Languages : English
• Source: Advances in stored product protection. Proceedings of the 8th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection.

IIR document

The effect of water activity, freezing rate, and temperature on retrogradation of gelatinized wheat flour and cooked rice.

• Author(s) : RHEE C., CHOI S. G.
• Publication date: 1994/06/08
• Languages : English
• Source: New Applications of Refrigeration to Fruit and Vegetables Processing.
• Formats : PDF

Studies on the thermal properties of grain stored at low temperatures.

• Author(s) : BARNA O., TOFAN I., TOFAN C.
• Publication date: 2004
• Languages : English
• Source: An. Univ. Galati, Fasc. VI - vol. 22

Research on the evolution of cereal microbiota during storage at low temperatures.

• Author(s) : BARNA O., TOFAN I., TOFAN C.
• Publication date: 2004
• Languages : English
• Source: An. Univ. Galati, Fasc. VI - vol. 22

Use of biologically valuable additives in sauces for quick-frozen prepared foods with garnishes.

[In Russian. / En russe.]

• Author(s) : SIVATCHEVA A. M., DONCOVA N. T.
• Publication date: 2005/05
• Languages : Russian
• Source: Proizv. Realiz. Morozenogo Bystrozamorozennyh Prod. - n. 3

Studies regarding the effect of storing Dropia grains at low temperatures upon the granularity of the flour.

• Author(s) : BARNA O., MORARU C., TOFAN I., et al.
• Publication date: 2005
• Languages : English
• Source: Ann. Univ. Dunarea Jos Galati, VI - vol. 23 - n. 2.

MAC: SAE considers R1234yf as “safe and effective” and AC5 and AC6 blends as “technically credible”

The SAE International Cooperative Research Project team has concluded that “R1234yf refrigerant is safe and effective to use in automotive applications. It also concluded that “based on a detailed fault tree analysis, AC6 offers a risk profile...

• Publication date : 2013/08/27

Flammable ice: the answer to Japan’s energy drought?

Flammable ice (or methane hydrate) could represent an interesting alternative to fossil fuels in Japan, since vast amounts of methane hydrate can be found buried deep under the ocean around the country.

• Publication date : 2018/02/06

Road to COP28. Achieving sustainable cold chains in low-to-middle-income countries

Successful implementation requires clear government strategy, financial support, close engagement with local communities and users, trainings for efficient use and maintenance, and...

• Publication date : 2023/06/27
• Subjects: Technology, Developing country

Heat pumps : the core technology for sustainable heating

A recent report by the IEA highlights that heat pumps are essential to reducing the use of natural gas for heating, while improving energy security, reducing emissions and ensuring...

• Publication date : 2023/01/26
• Subjects: Environment

Fermidable

In a team led by Wolfgang Ketterle, a nobel laureate, MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) scientists have been the first to create "a new type of matter", a gas of atoms that shows high-temperature superfluidity. A superfluid gas can flow...

• Publication date : 2005/10/26

Meeting the challenge of a sustainable global food cold chain

A recent report published by UNEP and FAO includes several important recommendations on how to develop more sustainable food cold chains. 

• Publication date : 2022/12/15
• Subjects: General information

Superconducting cable for urban electricity

Part of AmpaCity project, the 1km, 10 kV high temperature ceramic-based superconductive cable is the world’s longest and the first to have been integrated into an urban electricity grid in Essen, Germany.

• Publication date : 2015/10/21

Renewable energy in Eastern and Southern Africa: A lever for the healthcare cold chain

Accounting for about one-fifth of Sub-Saharan Africa’s electricity mix, renewable energy powers equipment and facilities which are crucial for health facilities, such as...

• Publication date : 2024/11/29
• Subjects: Developing country

Barbados releases a national strategy for sustainable cooling

The Caribbean island of Barbados released its national cooling strategy in September 2022, as the country experiences an increase in demand for air conditioners.

• Publication date : 2022/10/10
• Subjects: Figures, economy, Developing country

CO2 heat pump with variable-displacement compressor/expander in the pipeline

This CO2 heat pump will use oil-free variable-load compressor and variable expander technology, currently tested at Purdue University’s Herrick Laboratories.

• Publication date : 2014/01/09

Variable refrigerant flow systems world market

The market for variable refrigerant flow systems grew by 5.7% in 2018.

• Publication date : 2019/08/29
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Global display cabinet market to double by 2019

According to a new report published by Transparency Market Research, the world market for refrigerated display cases is expected to almost double in the next six years.

• Publication date : 2014/02/11

Superconductor cable innovation

Nexans, a French cable manufacturer, is to make the cable and cryogenic cooling system for the US Department of Energy's (DoE) 30 million USD high-temperature superconductor (HTS) power project in the Long Island Power Authority transmission grid....

• Publication date : 2004/04/28

Briefs: biodegradable packaging

The use of biodegradable packaging (such as starch and polylactic acid) in Eastern Europe is taking off: in 2006, 821 tonnes of such packaging were consumed in Eastern Europe, compared with 19 350 tonnes in Western Europe and 16 047 tonnes in...

• Publication date : 2007/05/04

A renewable energy storage project developed by Google

Google has a new public project: storing renewable energy thanks to heat pumps so it doesn't go to waste.

• Publication date : 2018/01/18

Valuable publications: Refrigeration Fundamentals

Refrigeration Fundamentals: this IIR course deals with refrigeration fundamentals, components of refrigeration plants, the refrigerants and lubricants used, and control systems. It is an attractive and valuable teaching tool that technicians and...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

New IIR Informatory Note on Renewable Energy

The latest IIR Informatory Note stresses that renewable energy sources can be considered practically inexhaustible and are currently the only solution for an ecological transition to clean...

• Publication date : 2023/04/26
• Subjects: Environment

IIR advocates for sustainable air conditioning solutions at HBRC event in Cairo

IIR played a prominent role in the HBRC International Conference held in Cairo from 14 to 17 December 2024. Its representatives led discussions on sustainable air conditioning, emphasising its technical and...

• Publication date : 2024/12/19

Valuable publications: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

A new edition of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, fully revised and updated by Guy Hundy was published in July 2008. This 392-page book is an introductory text and ideal for new entrants to the industry, particularly suited to students and...

• Publication date : 2009/05/18

26th International Congress of Refrigeration: A Remarkable Success

The 26th International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR), held on August 21-25, 2023, left an indelible mark on the world of refrigeration, serving as a resounding success with the active participation...

• Publication date : 2023/09/04
• Subjects: Technology, Environment, General information

Discover the 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants”

The 36th IIR Informatory Note on “Flammable Refrigerants” provides a comprehensive introduction to matters such as flammability characteristics, classifications and governing rules such as safety standards and regulations covering the entire...

• Publication date : 2018/02/07

Call for nominations: Sustainable cold chains virtual exhibition

Call for nominations for sustainable cold chain technologies and approaches.

• Publication date : 2021/09/13
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Refrigeration for Sustainable Development - 23rd International Congress of Refrigeration

Every 4 years, the International Institute of Refrigeration holds a congress, each time in a different country. These milestone events bring together researchers and industrial stakeholders working in all refrigeration applications and...

• Publication date : 2010/05/27

Now available: ICR2015 congress papers

Following on from the successful IIR International Congress of Refrigeration (ICR2015), the long anticipated papers and proceedings are now available to download in Fridoc.

• Publication date : 2015/12/09

Now available: IIR Congress papers 2019

Download your copy of the ICR 2019 proceedings. Over 630 technical papers are available!

• Publication date : 2020/05/05

IIR's Annual Meeting: New Leadership and Strategic Direction for Sustainable Refrigeration

The IIR's June statutory meetings were very productive in terms of strategy and internal organisation. Here is a brief overview of the main outcomes.

• Publication date : 2024/06/27

Training and courses: New content available

Since its initial publication, a number of new courses have been added to the IIR refrigeration courses and training repertoire.

• Publication date : 2019/10/21

Now available: IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference Papers

Download your copy of the proceedings of the 14th Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants. Over 120 technical papers are available!

• Publication date : 2021/01/19
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

Available - New IIR publication: Technological options for retail refrigeration

Written by several experts from the acclaimed London South Bank University (UK), the International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR) is proud to present the “Technological options for retail refrigeration”.

• Publication date : 2018/11/22

IIR at Chillventa 2024: a crossroads of innovation and collaboration for sustainable refrigeration

The IIR exhibited at Chillventa 2024 from 8 to 10 October, sharing a stand with its German partner DKV. With 1,010 international exhibitors from 49 countries and almost 33,000 visitors, this event reaffirmed its...

• Publication date : 2024/10/28

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

For IIR members only

Heat pump stock in Europe

This table presents the stock of installed heat pumps, the CO2 emissions avoided and the number of jobs in the heat pump sector in Europe.

• Last update : 2021/12/14
• Langues : English
• Themes : Heat pumps, energy recovery: economics and statistics

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Thermophysical properties of HFC refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 100 HFC refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFCs, HFO et HCFO, Blends

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Thermophysical properties of HFO refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 50 HFO refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : HFO et HCFO, Blends

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG