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Development of micro-channel evaporators for bus air conditioner.

[In Chinese. / En chinois.]

• Author(s) : ZHU Y., LIANG Y., CHEN J.
• Publication date: 2017/02
• Languages : Chinese
• Keywords : Finned tube, Bus, Microchannel, Simulation, Expérimentation, Evaporator, Mobile air conditioning, Heat exchanger
• Source: Journal of Refrigeration - vol. 38 - n. 1
• Formats : PDF

Optimization of the air-cooled supercapacitor module compartment for an electric bus.

• Author(s) : ZHANG X., WANG W., HE H., et al.
• Publication date: 2017/02/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electricity, Bus, Performance, Expérimentation, Mobile air conditioning, Air conditioning
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 112

Optimization of a main engine driven roof top bus air conditioning system.

• Author(s) : YENNETI S., REDDY P., NAYAK G.
• Publication date: 2014/07/14
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Exergy, Bus, Design, Simulation, Performance, Optimization, Evaporator, Air conditioning, Condenser, Compressor
• Source: 2014 Purdue Conferences. 15th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Experimental study on parallel flow evaporators used in roof top bus air conditionings.

• Author(s) : LIANG Y., CHEN J. P.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Bus, Performance, Expérimentation, Evaporator, Parallel flow, Air conditioning, Refrigerant charge
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Recommended by the IIR / IIR document

Experimental investigation on a transcritical CO2 air conditioning system for an electric bus

• Author(s) : SONG X., YU B., LU D., SHI J., CHEN J.
• Publication date: 2022/06/13
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Electric vehicle, Bus, Mobile air conditioning, Transcritical cycle, Expérimentation, COP, Hot climate
• Source: 15^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2022). Proceedings. Trondheim, Norway, June 13-15^th 2022.
• Formats : PDF

Determination of the ejector dimensions of a bus air-conditioning system using analytical and numerical methods.

• Author(s) : ÜNAL S.
• Publication date: 2015/11/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Two-phase flow, Bus, Performance, Expérimentation, Ejector, Air conditioning
• Source: Applied Thermal Engineering - vol. 90

IIR document

R744 mass transit mobile AC and HP system in bus application.

• Author(s) : SCHMIG A., PETERSEN M., KUJAK S., HOUDEK P., KOLDA M., GALANSKY M.
• Publication date: 2024/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : CO2, R744, Low GWP, Refrigerant, Bus, Mobile air conditioning, COP, Heating, Cooling, Heat pump, Case study
• Source: 16^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2024). Proceedings. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, August 11-14 2024
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Evaluation of R-744 and R-454C in bus air conditioning and heat pump applications.

• Author(s) : PETERSEN M., KUJAK S., NAYAK G., HOUDEK P., KOLDA M.
• Publication date: 2023/08/21
• Languages : English
• Keywords : R744, Heat pump, Modelling, COP, R407C, R454C, Low GWP, Mobile air conditioning, Bus, Passenger transport, Drop-in, Electric vehicle, Comparison
• Source: Proceedings of the 26^th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Paris , France, August 21-25, 2023.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Study on the influence of the superheat of the electronic expansion valve on the performance of the air conditioning system of the heat pump type pure electric bus under frosting condition.

• Author(s) : LI H., ZHAO C., SU Z., AN T., QIN X., GAO J.
• Publication date: 2023/04/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Heat pump, Electric vehicle, Bus, Superheat, Frosting, Mobile air conditioning, COP, R1234yf, Thermodynamic cycle
• Source: 3^rd IIR conference on HFO Refrigerants and low GWP Blends. Shanghai, China.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Adsorption-based air-conditioning for battery-driven electric busses.

• Author(s) : BAU U., SCHREIBER H., LANZERATH F., et al.
• Publication date: 2015/08/16
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Bus, Adsorption system, Performance, Modelling, Air conditioning, Thermal energy storage
• Source: Proceedings of the 24th IIR International Congress of Refrigeration: Yokohama, Japan, August 16-22, 2015.
• Formats : PDF

Simulation of a VRF system applied in electric buses in Taiwan.

• Author(s) : LIEBOLD A., LIN P. H., VETSCH B., et al.
• Publication date: 2016/07/11
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Variable volume, Taiwan, Bus, Simulation, Refrigerant, Thermal comfort, Mobile air conditioning
• Source: 2016 Purdue Conferences. 16th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference at Purdue.
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Assessment of natural refrigerants for thermal management in battery-electric long-distance buses.

• Author(s) : HELLMUTH J. F., POLLAK M., SCHULTE A., TEGETHOFF W., KÖHLER J.
• Publication date: 2024/08
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Bus, Electric vehicle, CO2, R744, R290, Propane, Mobile air conditioning, Heat pump, Case study, Modelling
• Source: 16^th IIR-Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Refrigerants (GL2024). Proceedings. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA, August 11-14 2024
• Formats : PDF

IIR document

Development of data-driven performance benchmarking methodology for a large number of bus air conditioners.

• Author(s) : CHEN Z., GUO F., XIAO F., JIN X., SHI J., HE W.
• Publication date: 2023/05
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Bus, Mobile air conditioning, Energy efficiency, Machine learning, Performance, Monitoring, Case study, Detection, Calculation
• Source: International Journal of Refrigeration - Revue Internationale du Froid - vol. 149
• Formats : PDF

Mobile air-conditioning. Fact Sheet 12.

• Author(s) : ONU Environnement (ex-PNUE)
• Publication date: 2015/04
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Car, Bus, Rail transport, Substitute, HFC, Air conditioning

IIR document

Life cycle climate performance model for transport refrigeration/air conditioning systems.

• Author(s) : NASUTA D., SRICHAI R., MARTIN C.
• Publication date: 2014/06/23
• Languages : English
• Keywords : Software, Bus, Refrigerated transport, Simulation, Performance, LCCP, Environment, Air conditioning
• Source: 3^rd IIR International Conference on Sustainability and the Cold Chain. Proceedings: London, UK, June 23-25, 2014
• Formats : PDF

R1234yf tested for bus air conditioning

Tests co-funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and run bus AC system company Hispacold suggest that HFO-1234yf is a near drop-in replacement refrigerant for HFC-134a in the tested Hispacold’s 12S roof top bus air-conditioning...

• Publication date : 2011/12/30

Abu Dhabi to get more air-conditioned bus shelters

Abu Dhabi’s Department of Transport (DoT) is to install additional air-conditioned bus shelters in Abu Dhabi, Al Ain and the western region.

• Publication date : 2012/05/15

Abu Dhabi to get more air-conditioned bus shelters

Abu Dhabi’s Department of Transport (DoT) is to install additional air-conditioned bus shelters in Abu Dhabi, Al Ain and the western region.

• Publication date : 2012/06/28

2015 Indian bus air conditioning market

Indian bus air conditioning market has witnessed exponential growth, growing by nearly 3.5 times at a Compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 35% for the period from 2011 to 2015.

• Publication date : 2015/10/14

A reversible CO2 heat pump for electric buses

Valéo recently introduced a R744 heat pump to produce heating and air conditioning in electric buses.

• Publication date : 2019/11/29

India: temperature abuse warning via SMS for vaccines

The device is meant to SMS authorities on faulty vaccine carriers.

• Publication date : 2012/11/16

Briefs: Hydrogen buses

Canada is rolling out a 1-year pilot hydrogen project across the country. Two hydrogen-fuelled buses are to come into service in Charlottetown. Each bus will run on a H2 combustion engine and will carry 12 passengers. The federal government is...

• Publication date : 2008/02/12

CO2 applications: Buses

Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe (BVG) has installed CO2 air-conditioning systems in seven of its city buses operating on different routes in Berlin and covering 200 to 400 km per day. Germany's Federal Environment Agency has urged all public transport...

• Publication date : 2011/02/07

CO2 air-conditioning systems in German buses

During the 12th Karlsruher Fahrzeugklima Symposium in September 2011, new approaches in mobile air-conditioning systems in buses were presented and an overview of a number of CO2 MAC buses in Germany was given.

• Publication date : 2011/12/15

Out of the ordinary: Microcebus danfossi

Danfoss has given its name to a lemur species recently discovered in Madagascar by researchers from the veterinary college Tierärztliche Hochschule (TiHo), in Hanover, Germany. The tiny (30-60 g) lemur is named Microcebus danfossi after Danfoss -...

• Publication date : 2007/08/05

Shipping fresh produce overseas is a key business for airlines operating out of Los Angeles

For companies shipping fruit and vegetables by air from the West Coast of the USA to high-end supermarkets and restaurants in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, the overarching rule is: Never break the cold chain.

• Publication date : 2013/05/14

Fuel cells to cool trucks

Replacing the traditional diesel-powered cooling unit, users could save approximately 10 gallons a day per unit and significantly reduce noise and pollutants emissions as fuel cells only reject heat and water.

• Publication date : 2013/11/29

Innovative trigeneration system for off-grid homes and businesses

An innovative 'trigeneration' system fuelled entirely by raw plant oils could have great potential for isolated homes and businesses operating outside grid systems.

• Publication date : 2014/10/01

LNG is expected to meet 24% of global bunker fuel supply by 2025

In a Lloyd’s Register report released in April 2014, it has been suggested that LNG will account for 13% of the global bunker fuel market by 2020, increasing to 24% in 2025.

• Publication date : 2014/05/14

Frozen food and beverage business boost U.S. economy

In 2012 the sector supported 670,000 jobs across 49 states and contributed USD 56 billion to US Gross domestic product (GDP).

• Publication date : 2015/10/11
• Subjects: Figures, economy

Commission D1 business meeting

Giovanni Cortella, President of IIR Commission D1 "Refrigerated Storage" invites all Commission D1 members to participate in the business meeting which will be held on March 30, 2010 (18:30 - 19:15) at Selwyn College, Cambridge, UK,during the 1st...

• Publication date : 2010/03/25

Minutes of IIR Commission B1 Business Meeting in Boulder

A Commission B1 business meeting took place in Boulder, Colorado, USA (June 24, 2009). It was chaired by Commission B1 President Dr Piotr Domanski. The minutes of the meeting are available

• Publication date : 2010/06/07

Minutes of IIR Commissions B1/B2 Business Meeting in Sydney

Piotr Domanski and Ben Adamson co-chaired a joint Commission business meeting (B1 & B2) in Sydney during the 9th IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference in April 2010. Following discussion during the meeting, a survey was sent to B1 commission members...

• Publication date : 2010/06/07

Klaus Timmerhaus has died

The IIR is saddened by the death of Dr Klaus Timmerhaus, a distinguished IIR officer. Klaus Timmerhaus was former President of the IIR's General Conference and Head of Section A, Cryology and gas processing. The IIR extends its sincere sympathy to...

• Publication date : 2011/02/15

Australia: enhanced links

The IIR has signed a partnership agreement with AIRAH (Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air conditioning & Heating): www.airah.org.au The aim is to "enhance the technical standing of...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Conference report: Australia

Postharvest Unlimited Downunder 2004, an IIR-co-sponsored conference, was held in Sydney, Australia, on November 9-12, 2004, with as theme "Postharvest technologies for the delivery of high quality horticultural products - implementation based on...

• Publication date : 2005/02/11

Briefs: News from Australia

- The IIR Australian National Committee, chaired by Stephen White, regularly reports on its activities, in EcoLibrium and on a dedicated page of the AIRAH Web site:

• Publication date : 2008/08/12

Double Award for Coldway Technologies, part of SOFRIGAM Group

Sofrigam won two awards at Business France's pitch competition for its energy storage device "THERMOSTORE", utilizing ammonia. Let's take a closer look at this technology. 

• Publication date : 2024/02/27

Activities of the IIR’s Commission B1 on Thermodynamics & transfer processes

The IIR’s Commission B1 has been extremely active in the areas of working parties (WP), sub-commissions, IIR conferences, IIR-co-sponsored conferences and commission business meetings.

• Publication date : 2013/09/02

EU project ENOUGH offers PhD scholarship at CNR-ITC in Padova (Italy)

A PhD scholarship will be offered as part of the Horizon 2020 project ENOUGH. The European project will aim to provide technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU Farm to Fork strategy to achieve...

• Publication date : 2022/02/15
• Subjects: Technology, Environment

IIR member news: Star Refrigeration

Star Refrigeration soon to hit US food firms with eco-friendly low-ammonia chillers and freezers

• Publication date : 2013/09/04

BETTED: a new IIR EU funded project

This project aims to promote the energy transition of the dairy value chain. The kick-off meeting is scheduled for March 11-12 in Brussels (Belgium).

• Publication date : 2024/01/26

ENOUGH – a new project that will identify how food industry can become net zero by 2050

The project will develop technologies, tools and methods to contribute to the EU’s farm to fork Strategy to achieve climate neutrality in the food industry.

• Publication date : 2021/10/29

Meeting: EPEE

A meeting was held on January 19, 2005, between EPEE (European Partnership for Energy and the Environment) represented by Friedrich Busch, Director General, and the IIR represented by D. Coulomb and J.L. Dupont. During this meeting, information...

• Publication date : 2005/06/14

Conference: Auckland

The IIR Conference Innovative Equipment and Systems for Comfort and Food Preservation took place in Auckland, New Zealand, on February 16-19, 2006. It was co-organized with IRHACE (Institute of Refrigeration, Heating and Air-Conditioning...

• Publication date : 2006/05/05

Cryogenics in the pharmaceutical industry: drug design and bioavailability improvement

Research activities in the pharmaceutical sector focus primarily on developing novel drug formulations which can elicit the desired response upon being administered to the patient...

• Last update : 2023/03/10
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freeze-drying in biology and medicine, Cryobiology, cryomedicine: general information

Environmental impact of the ice cream industry

This summary document describes the environmental impact of ice cream manufacturing, which is mainly due to the energy consumption and refrigerants used.

• Last update : 2022/11/17
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cryogenic nitrogen in the food and beverage industry

The adoption of cryogenic processes in the food and beverage industry is predominantly driven by liquid nitrogen (LIN), and it is the preferred candidate for food chilling and...

• Last update : 2023/11/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Freezing of foodstuffs

Kigali Amendment status per country

List of the 163 countries that have accepted, approved or ratified the Kigali Amendment as of November 15, 2024.

• Last update : 2024/11/15
• Langues : English
• Themes : Regulations and standardization (Montreal and Kyoto Protocols…)

Hydrocarbon refrigerants

Hydrocarbons such as R290 (propane), R600a (isobutane) or R1270 (propene/propylene) are low GWP non-toxic natural refrigerants with excellent thermodynamic properties. They offer an...

• Last update : 2022/06/22
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Containment, refrigerant charge reduction

Thermophysical properties of hydrocarbon refrigerants

Thermophysical properties of over 20 hydrocarbon refrigerants, including single-component and blends.

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English
• Themes : Hydrocarbons, Blends

Global warming potential (GWP) of HFC refrigerants

Using the latest updated data from UNEP’s RTOC 2022 report, we have compiled the 100-year GWP and 20-year GWP values of hydrofluorocarbon-based (HFC) refrigerants. Our table includes...

• Last update : 2023/09/15
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : HFCs

Liquefied Natural Gas: production process and cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas that has been cooled to about -160 °C and turned into a liquid to facilitate transportation and storage. A typical LNG supply chain...

• Last update : 2023/06/23
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : LNG and LPG

Nanorefrigerants

Nanorefrigerants are created by adding nanoparticles in suspension to a base refrigerant. They have a thermal conductivity that is 15% to 104% higher than that of the corresponding...

• Last update : 2022/06/17
• Langues : English, French
• Themes : Nanofluids

Additive manufacturing of regenerators for caloric cooling

In many areas of engineering, additive manufacturing allows the production of complex and multifunctional products that could not be manufactured using traditional methods. In the...

• Last update : 2022/09/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Caloric cooling (magnetocaloric, electrocaloric, elastocaloric and barocaloric cooling)

Global HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector

This table shows HFC emissions from the refrigeration sector – including air conditioning – in million tonnes of CO2 equivalent for about 40 countries that are signatories...

• Last update : 2022/01/20
• Langues : English
• Themes : General information on environment (climate change, ozone depletion…)

Cold storage conditions for fruits and vegetables

Practical recommendations for the cold storage of over 200 cultivars of fruits, vegetables and herbs (storage temperatures, relative humidity, storage time, controlled atmosphere...

• Last update : 2023/01/16
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Fruit, Vegetables

For IIR members only

Global cold storage capacity

This table presents the cold storage capacity in about 50 countries, based on data from the Global Cold Chain Alliance (GCCA).

• Last update : 2021/12/06
• Langues : English
• Themes : Refrigerated storage: economics and statistics

Ice cream manufacturing, environmental impact and market data

From a physico-chemical point of view, ice cream is a complex, frozen multiphase mixture. The manufacturing process includes several stages of freezing which are described in this...

• Last update : 2023/06/30
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Ice creams

Additive manufacturing of heat exchangers

In the refrigeration industry, additive manufacturing (colloquially referred to as “3D printing”) makes it possible to fabricate novel, complex and potentially more energy efficient...

• Last update : 2022/09/07
• Langues : French, English
• Themes : Evaporators, condensers and other heat exchangers